Yintoni ezahlukeneyo ngexesha uCatherine-2? abonakale zembali

Frosty zasebusika kusasa -12 Februwari 1744 ngaphandle kokuya ngesango umda Riga, ngomhla ummandla yoBukhosi baseRashiya wafudukela wenqwelwana nabafazi ababini. Omnye wabo umfazi nokumkani German Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst - Johanna Elizabeth. Okulandelayo kuye wahlala intombi yakhe eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ubudala, Nozipho Augusta Frederika Angalt-Zerbst - i Russian uKumkanikazi elizayo kunye nguzwilakhe Catherine 2, abarhola izenzo zabo isihloko Great. Igama le yomfazi izakubanodibaniso olunye lwe amaphepha ziqaqamba yembali yesizwe.

Russia zabelwa ilifa

Ixesha kobukumkani Catherine 2 lwaqalisa ubhedu ibhotwe 28 Juni 1762, nto leyo ikhokelele izolo inkosazana athobekile neliyingqondi waseJamani, bamkela igama Orthodox, Catherine, wathabatha indawo umfazi wakhe ngokunzulu engathandwa loMlawuli Peter III.

Njengoko kubonakala memoirs zakhe n 2, eRashiya, ilifa lakhe yangaphambili uKumkanikazi Elizabeth, waba soloko yokuvuselelwa olukhulu yonke indlela yobomi. Umkhosi ingakhange ihlawulwe umvuzo, ngenxa yokuba ubuncwane ndiyimfe kakhulu. Ukungabikho mbutho olufanelekileyo kwicandelo likarhulumente kukhokelele ekwehleni kurhwebo namashishini yayo ephambili iye yayiphethwe.

iingxaki ezinkulu babonakala kumasebe zomkhosi aselwandle. Siwazi wenza ngokwayo waziva, norhwaphilizo phakathi amagosa karhulumente, ngubani wathabatha yonke into yobukhulu enkulu nyaka ngamnye. Ukunyoba abamba uNojaji, kodwa mithetho kuphela kwiimeko apho amalungelo abantu abazizityebi kunye nempembelelo.

Amanani ezibalaseleyo ixesha ka uCatherine Omkhulu

Njengoko laseburhulumenteni abakuluhlu liphezulu, uCatherine waba umgangatho 2 ezixabisekileyo kakhulu - ukukwazi ukuba zifake naziphi na iingcinga onengqondo, uze ukusiqhuba iinjongo zabo. Abantu ababenaye yinxalenye neqembu layo, uKumkanikazi oyichole ngokusekelwe iimpawu zazo yobungcali, ngaphandle koloyiko abantu abanetalente kunye eliqaqambileyo. Ngenxa yale xesha wolawulo uCatherine 2 kwaphawula ukuvela Galaxy iphela Abalawuli ezibalaseleyo, iinkokeli zomkhosi, ababhali, iimvumi kunye namagcisa. Yeyona iimeko wadala kweli xesha, wancedisa isombuluka ngokupheleleyo izakhono zabo.

Ngonaphakade kwimbali loo amanani Russia xesha Catherine 2 njengoko iinjengele A. V. Suvorov and P. Rumyantsev, ababhali, kwaye di Fonvizin A. Radishchev, Karamzin mbali kunye yimbongi - owandulela A. S. Pushkina - G. Derzhavin. Okulandelayo kubo kufuneka ukhankanye abo bema imvelaphi inkcubeko zomculo Russian - umqambi, utitshala kunye umqhubi nguDmitry Bortniansky, i violin obalaseleyo uIvan Khandoshkin, kwakunye owaseka Russian National Opera AV Pashkevich.

Le nkqubo yemisebenzi

Imbali ngexesha ka-Catherine 2 kwabunjwa ngokusekelwe le misebenzi, uluhlu apho uKumkanikazi kuchaziwe yena ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Kufuneka benze konke okusemandleni ukufundisa yohlanga olo ewuphethe lawula.
2. Ukuze impilo yoluntu, kuyimfuneko ukuba bakhuthaze intlonipho yoluntu imithetho ekhoyo.
3. Ukugcina ucwangco lwangaphakathi zikarhulumente kubalulekile ukwenza amapolisa yokuhlangana zonke iimfuno eziyimfuneko.
4. Kuyimfuneko ukuba negalelo kwabaxhamla uqoqosho kunye nobuninzi kuyo.
5. Ukuba ngcono ngokupheleleyo wokulwa nako yomkhosi, yaye ngaloo ndlela kuphakanyiswe igunya Russia ebusweni kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuqala ukuphunyezwa kwezicwangciso

yonke lama uCatherine 2 yayilixesha ukuphunyezwa kwale ngaphambili. Kunyaka olandelayo kakhulu emva kokuba amandla, uKumkanikazi liphumeze utshintsho Yeengwevu kuya kuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kulawulo lukarhulumente. Ngenxa yeenguqu ezenziwa umsebenzi igunya, iNdlu yeeNgwevu, yahlulwe yaba amasebe ngamnye 6, yaye baphulukana ulawulo komsebenzi izixhobo karhulumente, yaba amaziko aphezulu neenkundla kwakunye nolawulo.

Le secularization emazweni ibandla

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iRussia ebudeni bolawulo uCatherine 2 baba kwindawo iphulo elikhulu-scale sokususwa (ukunganaki) zaguqulwa kwingxowa-mali karhulumente kumazwe zecawa. Imfuneko senzo ukuhlangabezana impendulo kunokuba ingacaci ekuhlaleni, kubangelwe ngumnqweno ngazo zonke iindlela ukuze bazalise intsilelo mali karhulumente.

Ngenxa yokuba la manyathelo athathwe iye wapheliswa 500 yoonongendi, elathi ukuthumela kubunini karhulumente ka ngamakhoboka million 1. Ngenxa oku, saqalisa ukufumana imali eninzi kwi-Ofisi kaNondyebo. Kwixesha elifutshane urhulumente ukuba uhlawule ityala phambi kokuba umkhosi kwaye likwazile lula kwintlekele yoqoqosho lulonke. Esinye seziphumo zoku inkqubo ibe buthathaka ebonakalayo yempembelelo webandla yomphefumlo zezwe.

Ukuzama uguquko zomthetho

Catherine esiqaphelekayo 2 kwakhona iphawulwe yi kwiinzame kummisela kwisixhobo kwinqanaba ephakamileyo ubomi engaphakathi Russia. UKumkanikazi wayekholelwa ukuba uninzi yokungaphathwa kweli lizwe singoyisa umendo yomthetho, ukuba iphuhlise uludwe lwemithetho ukukhawulelana neemfuno zazo zonke iyaxela yoluntu. Wayemelwe ukuba indawo lixesha senkulungwane Council Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, yamkelwa ngo-1649.

Ukuze kufezekiswe ezalwe 1767 yayiyilwe Commission lowiso, eliquka namasekela 572 emele wabanumzana, abarhwebi kunye Cossacks. umsebenzi yakhe ifakiwe kwaye uKumkanikazi. Ekubeni safunda ngenyameko imisebenzi iinkcuba Western, kwaba uxwebhu ebizwa "Imiyalelo UCatherine", eliquka izahluko 20 yahlulwe amanqaku 526.

Kuyo yagxininisa imfuneko kwisakhiwo ngokuphathelele karhulumente kunye nokudalwa iimeko kulo, ngokubonelela igunya namandla yedwa. Ukongeza, imiba emininzi wathetha, umlinganiswa ngokomthetho ndikunyibilikise ngokufezekileyo yokuziphatha. Ngelishwa, le misebenzi oko engazisi iziphumo ezilindelekileyo. Emva kweminyaka emibini, iKomishini iye ayiphumelelanga ukuphuhlisa iseti eyimfuneko lwemithetho, ngenxa yokuba onke amalungu ayo ezibe unogada kuphela uzkososlovnyh izinto zabo kunye namalungelo.

kwisahlulo sendawo kuphuculo karhulumente

Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye elinye inyathelo elibalulekileyo ukuthabathele UCatherine 2. Ixesha absolutism kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi waphawulwa ligunya eqine zangaphakathi. Kuba nokunyanzeliswa kwaso ngempumelelo ngakumbi kwi-Russian uKumkanikazi oko awawuqalayo 1775 icandelo lolawulo omtsha karhulumente.

Ukususela ngoku wonke ummandla yelizwe yayiquka amaphondo 50, 300-400 amawaka. Abahlali nganye, nto leyo, yahlulwe yaba counties elinabemi we-20 ukuya kuma-30 amawaka. Man. Oku kube negalelo nje lokulawula ukuphila kwabo bonke abantu, nkqu nakwiingingqi ezisemaphandleni kweli lizwe, kodwa kananjalo ingxelo echanileyo ngakumbi imvula werhafu ohlawula, oko kukuthi, abantu abo kuxhuzulwa irhafu.

Ukwandiswa amalungelo yezikhulu

Catherine Ixesha 2 waba ixesha elilungileyo kakhulu zithandwa Russian. Ngowe-1785 Ndabona kukhululwe uxwebhu oqulunqwe uKumkanikazi, waza wafumana igama "Charter ukuya yezikhulu." Ngokusekelwe kule iseti amalungelo ezikhutshwe ngohlobo lomthetho, abameli oluphezulu bema ngaphandle kabukhali ukusuka bonke abanye abantu.

Bona qinisekisa ukungahlawuli iirhafu kunye nenkonzo karhulumente imbopheleleko, njengoko uvulekile ukususela ngexesha uPetros 1. amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye civil ngokuxhomekeke ingqalelo wenkundla othile zobunene; yaye balelwa ukusebenzisa isohlwayo sokubetha. Ngokutsho uKumkanikazi, oko kwakufuneka igalelo kutshatyalaliso namanene bengqondo wakukhonza kunye nemfundo nokuzixabisa.

UKumkanikazi - enlightener abantu

ERussia xesha uCatherine 2 Wenza linyathelo elikhulu phambili kwindlela wemfundo kazwelonke. Ngenxa yoko, le yotshintsho elandelayo karhulumente lwaqhutywa kubomi kwenkqubo yemfundo aphakamileyo. Ngaphakathi sikhokelo lonke eRashiya waqalisa ukusebenza bamaziko emfundo abucala, phakathi kwabo ikhaya yemfundo ungunyana wabanumzana, ezidolophini izikolo kwakunye nakumaziko Noble eziNtombini. Ukongeza, kwiphondo kokuthanda ezingezo-estate ebakho iminyaka emine kwisiphaluka kunye nesixeko izikolo. Ngenxa yoko, neendlela zophuhliso lokufundisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ziye zaziswa izicwangciso zoqeqesho eqhelekileyo.

Ixesha wemfundo Catherine 2 ingenakulibaleka njengokuba indalo inkqubo yabafazi yemfundo. Ukuqala kwayo sabekwa Ukuvulwa St Petersburg ngowe-1764 Smolny Institute for Noble eziNtombini kwaye adale ngokuba unyule bona Society leMfundo. Ukususela ngoku, lo noblewoman amadodana kungekuphela nje lokuba iilwimi akwamanye amazwe, kodwa kwakhona ufunde iintlobo lwamacandelo emfundo.

Ebudeni bolawulo uCatherine 2 Russian Academy of Sciences, ukunyuka ukuya eziphakamileyo nanto, uye uthathe indawo ephambili eYurophu. laboratory zemvelo Observatory, igadi yezityalo kunye kwikhabhinethi of yokufuna ulwazi, sokuhlaziya kunye namathala olubanzi zadalwa rhoqo yayo. Ngenxa yoko, inkcubeko ixesha ka-Catherine 2 owakhe isiseko esiluqilima uphuhliso olungaphaya kokuqonda yezenzululwazi eRashiya.

izenzo Good uKumkanikazi

Xa uCatherine 2, ngokufanelekileyo wathola isihloko of Great, kuye kwakho inkqubela kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Ngokubonakalayo ukwandisa labemi beli lizwe, nto leyo womyoleli elikhulu ekuphuculeni ubomi abemi balo. Ngenxa yoko, baye amakhulu kwiidolophu ezintsha kunye needolophana apho. Isantya ibonwe kuphuhliso yayo zifumene kushishino kunye nezolimo, kangangokuba Russia lokuqala baqalisa ukuthumela okuziinkozo. Konke oku wabanika ukwanda kakhulu iingeniso, elathi ukunyusa zengcebo amaxesha 4.

Igama uKumkanikazi, kwaye idityaniswe iziganeko ezibini ezibalulekileyo ezimbalini Russian ngathi yimbonakalo imali yephepha kunye nesiqalo gonyo nxamnye yingqakaqha, kunye Catherine, ukuba ngumzekelo kwabanye, owokuqala ukuba bazenze ukugonywa. Ekubeni ekuthinteleni esi sifo ezoyikekayo, iindleko amawaka ubomi, iye yenziwa rhoqo.

Ukwandiswa yommandla Russia

ngumbandela nolungaphikisekiyo uCatherine Omkhulu, kunye nokwandisa imida yelizwe. Ebudeni beminyaka iimfazwe zakhe wolawulo zazilwela kabini kunye Ottoman (1768-1774 kunye 1787-1791 gg.). Ngenxa zoloyiso Russian akwazi ukunika umzali ukuya kuLwandle Black, yaye ziquka kumafa zalo mmandla, eyaziwa ngokuba Little Russia. Ezi zibandakanya eCrimea, Northern Black Sea Coast, kunye nommandla Kuban. Ngowe-1783, eRashiya wathabatha phantsi ngabemi kwakhe eGeorgia.

Catherine esiqaphelekayo 2 ekuthethwa njengoko iziganeko ezinxulumene ulwahlulo of Poland. Ngenxa yoko impi esebenzayo olwaqhubeka 1772, 1793 no-1795 kwi-kwakhona wangena Russian umhlaba ndinqumle kuyo ngemihla yamandulo zabahlaseli Polish-Lithuanian. Ezi ziquka Belarus Western, Volhynia, Lithuania kunye Courland.

Ukomeleza serfdom

Ngelo xesha ke kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ebudeni bolawulo uCatherine 2 zimakishwe yaye loo mhlola ezimbi njenge kubukhoboka nakakhulu abalimi. Nangona isibakala sokuba, ukuba umntu yokucinga bakhanyiselwa, kwinqanaba yaseYurophu, uKumkanikazi wayeyiqonda harmfulness of serfdom, kwaye wasebenza kwi projekthi irhoxisiwe, kwanyanzeleka ukuba angenise kwesiko emiselwe kangangeenkulungwane.

Emva ngemihla ekuqaleni wobukumkani bakhe, uCatherine wakhupha umyalelo efuna abalimi ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo kwaye olomeleleyo ukuya benani. Xa wathabatha ngakumbi enkulu indlela isikali ukwabiwa komhlaba kunye abahlala kuzo amahlwempu weenceke zakhe, ngokunjalo lokukhuthaza umahluko kwinkonzo karhulumente.

Kwangaxeshanye, oko kwimali, kwaye kanye uhlobo nokuxhatshazwa abalimi. Yaziwa, ingakumbi, ukuba abo wahlawula umnini irente (ikakhulu babe ngabahlali kwimimandla esemantla ka-Russia, apho ezolimo alufanelekanga), iintlawulo kabini. Ngelo xesha nye mandundu imeko lwabalimi zinyanzelekile ukuba azalisekise corvee kwi ngamafa ziwela. Ukuba kokuba umsebenzi wabo aziphelelanga iintsuku ezintathu ngeveki, ngoku lo mqathango irhoxisiwe, yaye yonke into kwakuxhomekeke umkhosi ngokwesigqibo esicalanye.

Reaction nengcinezelo efanayo imvukelo, kwavuka ngokuhamba kwexesha kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe, elo likhulu leyo imvukelo Pugachev ukuba azigubungela Urals kunye nommandla iVolga kwixesha ka 1773-1775.

UYobi

Emva kokugqiba tridtsatichetyrohletny ebudeni bolawulo uKumkanikazi wasweleka November 17, 1796. Noko ke, loo nto ayizange iphele ngexesha Russian yeenguqu ebhotwe. N 2 washiya indlalifa - unyana wakhe uPawulos, akathweswa sithsaba-Aprili 16, 1797 wabulawa ngu baka kwiminyaka 4.