Ngenguqu kumgaqo-Russian uKumkanikazi uCatherine I. Iminyaka karhulumente, basekhaya angaphandle

Ngaphandle kokuba izazinzulu ezinzulu abaninzi baphikisana indima ithuba kwimbali, oko ngeke walelwe ukuba uCatherine I wenyuka becala itrone Russian ngengozi. Imithetho oko elide - ngaphezulu kancinane ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini. Noko ke, nkqu ixesha elingephi wobukumkani, uye wahlala kwimbali njengoko ukumkanikazi yokuqala.

Of washerwomen e uKumkanikazi

Matshi Skavronskaya, leyo uza kuba yaziwe ehlabathini njengoko uKumkanikazi uCatherine 1, wazalwa ngomhla kummandla Lithuania yanamhlanje, emazweni Livonia, ngo-1684. ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga ebuntwaneni bakhe apho. Ngokubanzi, i-Catherine elizayo 1, ogama engobomi yi kunokuba luyathandabuzeka kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngokuphikisana, ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, wazalelwa kwintsapho yamahlwempu. Abazali bakhe babulawa isibetho, yaza yavuka intombazana wathunyelwa endlwini umfundisi ukuba abe ngumkhonzazana wayo. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo, noMarta wahlala iminyaka elishumi umakazi wakhe, waza wabonakala usapho umfundisi wasekuhlaleni, elibe nkonzo kwaye bafunde ukufunda oyimfakamfele womluki. Izazinzulu nangoku bebangisana ngawo apho elizayo n 1 wazalwa.

biography

Kwaye ke imvelaphi ukumkanikazi yokuqala Russian, kunye nomhla nendawo ukuzalwa yayo nangoku osekwe mbali Russian. Ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokukwekwa kwifayile ye, historiography eyasekwa version, ebonakalalisa ukuba intombi umlimi lweBaltic Samuila Skavronskogo. In yamaKatolika ukholo obhaptiziweyo intombazana nkqu nabazali, emnika igama Martin. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, yena wakhulela Marienburgskom ehostele, phantsi kweliso Pastor Gluck.

Future uCatherine I nakanye wayengumfundi olungileyo. Kodwa ndithi ukuba rhoqo okumangalisayo kuyahlukahlukana Cavaliers. Kukho ulwazi ukuba noMarta waba zimithiswe umnumzana ethile, wazala intombi. Umfundisi ikwazile ukutshata naye, kodwa indoda, obeyindoda dragoon Swedish, kungekudala yanyamalala, azafunyanelwa ndawo ngexesha emNtla War.

Emva kokuba kuthinjwe Marienburg Russian Matshi, ngokuba "amaxhoba emfazwe", ngoxa inkosikazi igosa non-wathuma, yaye kamva, ngo-Agasti 1702 i kuqala, waba egesi Marshal Boris Sheremetev. Embona, wamthabatha umfazi wakhe bayisebenzisela - a washerwoman, kamva udluliselo A. Menshikov. Oku kulapho wambamba iliso Peter I.

Biographers yasebukhosini Russian nangoku ukuba kuthetha ntoni oku wasithatha ukumkani. Ngapha koko, ubuhle uMarta. Noko ke, kungekudala waba ngomnye mistresses zakhe.

1 Peter and Catherine 1

I-March 1704th, ngokwesithethe Orthodox, wabhaptizwa phantsi egameni Catherine I. Xa ukhulelwe. Future uKumkanikazi wabhaptizwa Tsarevich Alexei. Ngubani unako lula ukuqhelana zonke iintlobo iimeko, Catherine wayesoloko phambi kwakhe lwengqondo. Wafunda ubuntu obuhle kunye nemikhwa uPetros, ibe yimfuneko uvuyo ngenxa kuye, entabeni. NgoMatshi 1705, ngowokuqala ke wazala abanye oonyana ababini. Nangona kunjalo, i-Catherine elizayo ndingaba waqhubeka ehlala endlwini Menshikov eSt Petersburg. Xa 1705th uKumkanikazi elizayo ibiziswe endlwini udade yokumkani Natalia Alekseevna. Apha washerwoman nokubhala ekuqaleni ukuba bafunde ukufunda nokubhala. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, ngeli xesha elizayo uCatherine I nokubophelela nolwalamano olusenyongweni ngokwaneleyo kunye Menshikov.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, ubuhlobo kunye nokumkani yaba sisondele kakhulu. Oku kungqinwa imbalelwano yabo 1708. UPetros waba mistresses ezininzi. Wade baxoxa nabo Catherine, kodwa yena wenza into akazange ungcikivo, ukuzama ukumelana nazo kakumkani waza wawuxhoma kunye nokugqabhuka zakhe umsindo iba yinxalenye. Yena waba soloko kufuphi ngexesha sokuwa kwakhe unesathuthwane, ukwabelana naye bonke ubunzima kwinkampu kunye cwaka ajike abe ngumfazi ngenene ukumkani. Kwaye ngeli inxaxheba ngqo kwi isisombululo imiba emininzi yezopolitiko ngokuphathelele uCatherine elizayo ndizama, kodwa ke ukumkani kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kulo.

Ukususela 1709-th kokuba yonke ikhatshwe uPetros, kuquka zonke iihambo. Ngexesha mfula iphulo 1711, xa uhlaselwa ngaphambili nangesemva umkhosi Russian, yonga umyeni wayo kuphela elizayo, kodwa ke umkhosi, enika vizier Turkish bonke izivatho zayo ukumcenga ukuba asayine isgqibo.

umshado

Ekubuyeni kwakhe kwikomkhulu, ngolwamashumi omabini Februwari 1712, uPetros Catherine 1 1 utshatile. Sele owazalwa ngexesha intombi yabo uAnna, owathi kamva waba ngumfazi iNkosana Holstein, kunye Elizabeth - elizayo uKumkanikazi, eneminyaka iminyaka emithathu anamihlanu, emtshatweni ubesinyamekele isibingelelo amanenekazi ezihamba. Umtshato senzeka phantse ngokufihlakeleyo indlwana encinane, yeharim Prince Menshikov.

Ukususela ngelo xesha ndazifumanela Catherine eyadini. Waqala ukuba ukwamkela izigidimi amazwe kudibana kwiikumkani yaseYurophu. Njengoko umfazi yokumkani wenguquko, n Velikaya - 1 uKumkanikazi Russian - emandleni ukholo lwabo nonyamezelo ayikho ngaphantsi kumyeni wakhe. Kweli xesha ukususela 1704 st ukuba 1723rd wazala abantwana elinanye uPetros, Noko ke, inkoliso yabo wafa ezelwe. Ngoko ke ukukhulelwa rhoqo akuzange kumthintele ehamba nendoda yakhe uhambo lwakhe ezininzi: oko kuhlala intente kunye nokulala elukhukweni nzima, kungekhona ukukrokra bit.

Merit

Ngowe-1713, uPeter mna, yena ukudunyiswa ukuziphatha enesidima lomfazi wakhe ngexesha ukungaphumeleli phulo Russian mfula, wamisa Order of St. UCatherine. Yena ngokobuqu imiqondiso umyeni wakhe ngoNovemba th 1714. ekuqaleni Yayibizwa ngokuba IMbasa Liberation kwaye senzelwe kuphela uCatherine. Kwimfaneleko yoko umfazi ngexesha lephulo mfula kakubi-lombutho, uPetros ndakhumbula xa Umbhalo yakhe ibekwa ngayo umfazi wakhe ngoNovemba 1723rd. Basemzini ingqalelo ngakumbi kuba yonke into eyenzekayo kwinkundla Russian, ngamxhelo waphawula umsa sokumkani uKumkanikazi. Yaye ebudeni phulo wamaPersi ngo-1722 Catherine wada wayicheba intloko yakhe waza waqalisa ukuba ukunxiba Grenadier cap. Waye wachitha nomyeni wayo kuluhlu umkhosi, eshiya ngqo ukuya edabini.

ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesithathu kaDisemba 1721 yiBhodi yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi ye-Russian uKumkanikazi uCatherine wavuma. Ingakumbi ibekwa ngoMeyi 1724 lokuqala eyalwa isithsaba, abathi ubungangamsha bayo igqithile isithsaba sokumkani. Xa intloko umfazi umlinganiswa kaKesare uPetros ngokwakhe wabeka.

ngobude

Imibono ngoko ukuba ingaphandle yaba uCatherine, ziyaphikisana. Xa unikel 'ingqalelo okusingqongileyo indoda yakhe, iimbono lonke HIV, kodwa ke umfazi, ukuphatha ukuba uphambene, wakholwa mfutshane yakhe, ubukhulu namnyama. Eneneni, imbonakalo uKumkanikazi akazange enze kakhulu umbono. Kwafuneka nje ukuba bajonge ukuba uqaphele imvelaphi yakhe ephantsi. Ilokhwe abeyambethe yaba ngesimbo endala-lixesha, alekwe ngokupheleleyo sequins zesilivere. Bekusoloko indawo leyo ebe phambili ezihonjiswe emfakamfele ezenziwe ngamatye anqabileyo ukusuka umzobo original ngokohlobo okhozi-headed ezimbini. Kwi ukumkanikazi zaye rhoqo hung uMyalelo, icon ezincinane elinesibini kunye namakhubalo. Njengoko egoduka, kwakhala yonke le ndyebo.

umqolo

Enye noonyana babo - uPetros, owathi, emva kokuba shela of yindlalifa komlawuli omdala Evdokia Lopukhina ingqalelo a prestolonasledovatelem 1718 ezisemthethweni, xa abafileyo 1719-m. Ngoko ke ukumkani yaba wenguquko kuphela umfazi wakhe ukubona ezihlangwini zakhe elizayo. Kodwa ekwindla ka-1724 wokuqala uKumkanikazi, uPetros orhanelwa lokungcatsha ngekhamera-ngodaba Mons. Wenza yokugqibela, wadamba ukunxibelelana kunye nomfazi wakhe, akazange athethe, kunye nokufikelela kuyo akuvumelekanga. Amkhanuke abanye kubethwa Uyoyikeka kukumkani, ndinomsindo kwakhe wazikrazula umyolelo apho itrone wegqitha umfazi wakhe.

Kwaye kanye phezu isicelo ecacileyo intombi yakhe Elizabeth, uPetros wavuma sasemini kunye Catherine - umfazi ngubani umhlobo wakhe engenakususwa kunye abancedisayo iminyaka engamashumi epheleleyo. Kwathi ngenyanga phambi kokufa soMhlekazi. NgoJanuwari 1725 wesibini waye wagula. Catherine kwakunjalo xa kwebhedi lokumkani ukufa. Ebusuku ukusuka th 28 ukuya th 29 UPetros wafela ezandleni ngumfazi wakhe.

Enyukayo itrone

Ngokutsho ukufa kweqabane, alikhange libe ixesha baxele intando yakhe yokugqibela, isigqibo umbuzo wokulandelelana baba lokubandakanyeka 'Nkosi Ephakamileyo "- amalungu weNdlu yeeNgwevu, i-Sinodi, kunye iinjengele, abo sele ebhotweni wamashumi amabini anesixhenxe ka January. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho amaqela amabini. Enye, ezibandakanya lokuhlala kanye encotsheni amandla karhulumente olusemagxeni basebukhosini, ikhokelwa ngu-European-ofundileyo Prince nguDmitry Golitsyn. Kwiinzame ukuthibaza lobuzwilakhe, le yokugqibela wafuna ukwakha etroneni Peter I - ngomzukulwana minor Petra Velikogo. Ndimele nditsho ukuthi ukuba angenele lo mntwana lidumile phakathi yonke iklasi Russian yeengcungcu, ababefuna ukufumana kwi unelishwa inzala prince umntu ukubuyisela amalungelo zangaphambili zabo.

uloyiso

Iqela lesibini kwicala uCatherine. Uhlulo lokulwa. Ngoncedo lwe umhlobo wakhe elide Menshikov kunye Buturlina Yaguzhinskii nokuthembela Yabalindi, yena waya etroneni njengoko uCatherine 1, ebudeni bolawulo apho iRashiya nto ezizodwa asifikanga amakishiweyo. Baba mfutshane elide. Kuvunyelwene Menshikov, uCatherine akazange kuyiphazamisa kwimicimbi karhulumente, koko, elesibhozo ngoFebruwari 1726 waziseza ulawulo yokuqala Russian kwi ezandleni Ephakamileyo yangasese Council.

Ezopolitiko kweli lizwe

umsebenzi kaRhulumente uCatherine I kuphela ukuba amaphepha becala nje usayina. Nangona kufuneka kusithiwa ukuba uKumkanikazi waba nomdla kwimicimbi zezithuthi Russian. Egameni lizwe imithetho okunene usazithuma Council - umzimba wadala nje kokuba anyukele yakhe etroneni. Kwakugcwele Menshikov, G. Golovkin, FM Apraksin, D. Golitsyn, P. and A. Osterman Tolstoy.
Catherine 1 Ulawulo yaqala nesibakala sokuba irhafu ziye zancitshiswa, yaye wasixolela amabanjwa ezininzi elubhacweni. Eyokuqala kubangelwe amaxabiso ndivuka uloyiko ukunganeliseki ebantwini. Abanye ngokutsha uCatherine ububhangisile endala, eyaboniswa nguPetros 1. Umzekelo, kunciphise kakhulu indima yeeNgwevu kwapheliswa namagunya asekuhlaleni, leyo latshintshelwa ngamandla le nto kwirhuluneli, iKhomishini, nto leyo ibandakanya iinjengele kunye flagships. Ngokutsho okubhalwe kule guqula, Catherine 1 kwakufuneka anyamekele ukuphuculwa amabutho Russian.

wezangaphandle

Ke ukuba yangaphakathi Politika Ekateriny 1 baphambuka ekuhambeni kwexesha kaPetros, kwimibandela ngamazwe zonke wahamba ngendlela efanayo naseRussia inkxaso ibango Duke Charles Frederick, unyana umthetho uKumkanikazi noyise Petros 3, ukuya Schleswig. Denmark and Austria lalibi neentlobano zokwazana naye. Ngowe-1726, eli lizwe ezikufutshane ukuya eVienna Union. Ukongeza, eRashiya uba e Courland impembelelo ezizodwa, ezama ukuthumela ku Menshikov njenge umlawuli Duchy, kodwa balapha inkani. Ngelo xesha Catherine 1 nkqubo angaphandle azale iziqhamo. Russia, ukuba concessions kufikelelwe ePersi Turkey eCaucasus, yakwazi ukuba ilifa ummandla Shirvan.

image zepolitiki

Ukususela kanye ekuqaleni kobukumkani bakhe Catherine 1 nkqubo lwangaphakathi ijoliswe ukubonisa wonke umntu ukuba itrone lisezandleni ekhuselekileyo ukuba ilizwe sele kwi umendo ekhethwe wenguquko enkulu. I Ephakamileyo lwalo IBhunga rhoqo Alwa usizi ngamandla. Kodwa abantu bathanda uKumkanikazi. Kwaye oku nangona yokuba lwangaphakathi Politika Ekateriny 1 zingaphawulwa yi naziphi na izibonelelo ezizodwa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo.

phambi walo rhoqo ezixineneyo kunye nabantu kunye nezicelo ezahlukeneyo. Wahamba nabo, enika amalizo, yaye abaninzi aba Ummeli. Ebudeni bolawulo umfazi wesibini ka Petra Velikogo phezu lombutho Academy of Sciences. Ukongeza, kweqokobhe uKumkanikazi kwi ena hambo of wethu.

Lokuqala Russian uKumkanikazi wafa ngoMeyi 1727. ilandela lakhe ubekwa ongumntwana Petros 2 - umzukulwana, kwaye ibamba - Menshikov. Noko ke, umzabalazo bakrakra amandla yaqhubeka. Emva kolawulo Catherine 1, ababhali-mbali bathi, kuye kwavula ixesha elide Russian yeenguqu ebhotwe.