Ukubunjwa, Indaba
Yintoni ico? amazwe ico - list. Imephu ico
Ico - i-Union of Soviet Socialist Republic ngaphambili ngumbutho ngamazwe, ogama msebenzi ufanele ummiselo intsebenziswano phakathi amazwana eyenziwe eSoviet Union. Le akuyona i amaqumrhu supranational. Phakathi izifundo kunye nokusebenza kwemibutho enikwa ukuba ngokuzithandela. Yintoni ico kwaye yintoni indima yayo wezangaphandle? kwaba ukubunjwa ye-Commonwealth njani? Yintoni indima nxaxheba abohlukeneyo kuphuhliso wayo? Ngale kamva kweli nqaku. Kwakhona ezi zinto zilandelayo ziya kunikwa imaphu ico.
imibutho Education
Ukudalwa mbutho zathatha inxaxheba kwi-Ukrainian SSR, le RSFSR kunye Byelorussian SSR. Ngowe-1991,-8 Disemba, kwi Bialowieza isivumelwano engqinelana nayo yasayinwa ehlathini. Olu xwebhu, olu sapho lwaluquka amanqaku 14 kwingabula lowu eSoviet Union yaphela njengesifundo leyinene neAfrika kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa ngenxa loluntu yezembali kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwezizwe, zisekelwe kwizivumelwano amabini, umnqweno ukudala zorhulumente wentando yesininzi yomthetho, kwakunye ngenjongo ukuphuhlisa ulwalamano lwabo omnye nomnye ngenxa bembeko komnye nomnye kunye nokubonisa uxabiso ulongamo, amaqela abaya wavuma ukuba aseke umbutho ngamazwe.
enazo isivumelwano
Kakade seshumi Disemba Verkhovna rada of Ukraine kunye Belarus baye banikwe amandla omthetho ukuya kuxwebhu. Disemba 12 isivumelwano kuphasiswe yiPalamente Russian. Uninzi (188) ngamavoti "ukuba", "Bazila" - 7 "nxamnye" - 6. Ngosuku olulandelayo, eli-13, wadibana intloko nakwiiriphabliki ephakathi Asia ukuba yinxalenye USSR. Baba abameli Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan kunye Kazakhstan. Ingxelo wayilwa ngenxa yale ntlanganiso. Ubuyiso wavakalisa imvume ukungenela ico (ziqonde izifinyezo - Commonwealth of Independent States).
Yinto ebalulekileyo ukuze kwakhiwe imibutho ukuze baqinisekise ulingano ngabalawulwa elalisakuba yiSoviet Union, kwaye ukuqatshelwa bonke bephela abasunguli. Kamva Nazarbayev (UMongameli Kazakhstan) lenza isindululo kuququzelela intlanganiso Alma-Ata, apho amazwe ico , nto leyo eza adweliswe ngezantsi, uya kuqhubeka kwingxoxo ngakumbi nokwamkelwa izisombululo ngokubambisana.
Intlanganiso e Alma-Ata
Xa ikomkhulu Kazakhstan bafika abameli 11 ziiriphabliki nababefudula USSR ngaphambili. Baba iintloko Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, eRashiya, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, eArmenia, Azerbaijan Belarus. Kwakungekho nabameli abasuka eGeorgia, Estonia, Lithuania kunye Latvia. Ngenxa yoko, i-declaration yasayinwa intlanganiso. Kulo imigaqo kunye neenjongo ze-Commonwealth omtsha awabasondezayo.
Ukongeza, uxwebhu iqulethe ilungiselelo onke amazwe ico uya kusebenzisa intsebenziswano yabo iimeko ngokulinganayo kumaziko ngokuhlanganiswa. Nevuthisayo ngexesha ke, kwakheka qho ukulingana. Ukusebenza kula maziko ziyahambelana kufuneka ngokungqinelana nesivumelwano phakathi kwamaqumrhu ico (umbhalo ngasentla). Ngelo xesha igcine ulawulo joint phezu ekujoliswe zomkhosi qhinga, izixhobo zenyukliya.
Ukuthetha into ico, kufuneka ukuba oku umbutho akuthethi ukuba umda efanayo - republic nganye, ngaphambili inxalenye eSoviet Union ukugcina ulongamo, urhulumente, ubume zabo zomthetho. Ngelo xesha linye nokudalwa Commonwealth na nofifi lwendlela ukuzinikela ekubeni kusekwe kwaye nophuhliso kwindawo eqhelekileyo kwezoqoqosho.
Imephu ico
Territoriralno Commonwealth yaba ngaphantsi kwe USSR. Ezinye zangaphambili republic hayi baye bavakalisa umnqweno udibanise ico. Noko ke, le manyano iyonke Kwathabatha isithuba neAfrika. Uninzi sezifundo bazama macala intsebenziswano eyinzuzo kwi ngokulinganayo, lo gama kugcinwe ingqibelelo yayo.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba intlanganiso Disemba 21 republic ye-USSR negalelo ekugqityweni ukuguquka kumazwe ico. Uluhlu wongeze Moldova kunye Azerbaijan, nto leyo yaba wokugqibela ukuqinisa uxwebhu kwi nokusekwa Commonwealth. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ke kuphela amalungu nabo bombutho. Oku kwaba isehlakalo ebalulekileyo yokwakha isizwe yonke indawo post-eSoviet. Ngowe-1993, Georgia yaqukwa kuluhlu lwe the ico. Phakathi imizi omkhulu Commonwealth kufuneka ngokuba Minsk, eSt Petersburg, Kiev, Tashkent, uAlma-Ata, eMoscow.
imiba nkampani
E Minsk kwintlanganiso ngomhla we-30 kuDisemba lamazwe ico ezisayiniweyo izivumelwano zethutyana. Umzimba otshatsheleyo Commonwealth yasekwa noko angqinelana. IBhunga lenziwa iintloko ngabalawulwa mbutho.
Ukuthetha into ico, kufuneka athi malunga nendlela imigaqo kwezigqibo. iziko ngalinye Commonwealth linevoti enye. Isigqibo iyonke yenziwa kusetyenziswa isivumelwano.
Kwintlanganiso e Minsk nayo asayina isivumelwano elawula ulawulo omkhosi kunye Imikhosi Border. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwisifundo ngasinye unelungelo ukudala umkhosi wakhe. Ngowe-1993, yena lisigqibile isigaba bombutho.
Ngomhla we-22 Januwari kulo nyaka e Minsk, lo Mqulu yasetyenziswa. Olu xwebhu luye lwaba kakhulu entlanganweni. Ngowe-1996,-15 Matshi, kwintlanganiso likaRhulumente Duma of the Russian Federation yamkela HD Resolution 157-II. Bubungakanani semthethweni kweziphumo zimvo ebibanjwe ngo-1991, 17 Matshi, kuba ekulondolozweni USSR. Kumhlathi wesithathu libhekisela ukuqinisekisa ukuba kwisivumelwano zokusekwa kwe-Commonwealth, engavunywanga i-Congress of yamaSekela Abantu - sakhiwo liphezulu kwamandla karhulumente kwi-USSR - zange ilifa kwaye akukho amandla omthetho ngokumalunga nomhla ubukho okuqhubekayo eSoviet Union.
ERashiya indima Commonwealth
Ngomhla we kwentlanganiso yeBhunga lezoKhuseleko Russian Mongameli Putin wathetha. Vladimir Vladimirovich wavakalisa ukuba iRussia kunye ico bafikelele kwixesha isigqibo kuphuhliso yayo. Kulo mba, njengoko kuqatshelwe nguMongameli, kuyimfuneko, okanye ukuphumeza someleza esemgangathweni ye-Commonwealth kunye uluhlu ineziseko zayo zisebenza nyani, nto leyo inefuthe ethile lobume yengingqi ehlabathini, okanye isithuba ngenye neAfrika elinde "kweso", apho iimfuno Commonwealth phakathi bakhe it ngendlela eyothusayo ziya kulahleka.
Kwakanye ubunzima iintsilelo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kobudlelane kwezopolitiko phakathi republic, ngaphambili yenza eSoviet Union (Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine) ngoMatshi 2005, urhulumente waseRashiya, phakathi lobunzima, abasemagunyeni Kyrgyz Putin wathetha kakhulu ngokucacileyo. Wathi zonke nokuphoxeka kube ngumphumo agqithisile kulindelekileyo. Ngokufutshane, umongameli we-Russian Federation waqonda ukuba programmed iinjongo ezifanayo, kodwa ngokwenyani yonke inkqubo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo.
Imibuzo Commonwealth uzinzo
Ngenxa yokukhula iinkqubo centrifugal olwenzeka ngaphakathi ico, uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo waphakamisa umba imfuneko baguqule umbutho. Noko ke, ukuvumelana kwicala anokubakho le intshukumo ayikho. Kwindibano July summit sesikweni ngo-2006, unyaka ukuya Commonwealth iintloko zezifundo, Nazarbayev ecetywayo yezinto ezininzi apho kukugxininisa umsebenzi.
UMongameli wokuqala Kazakhstan, ingqalelo kuyimfuneko nokuhambelanisa imigaqo yokufuduka. Kuyimfuneko, ngokwembono yakhe, na uphuhliso unxibelelwano zothutho eziqhelekileyo kunye nentsebenziswano ekulweni ulwaphulo-cross-umda, kwakunye nentsebenziswano namasiko, yesayensi neyokufundisa.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kumajelo eendaba, ukuthandatyuzwa malunga ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kwe-Commonwealth ezinxulumene nenani yeemfazwe yorhwebo. Xa le ngxaki, i-Russian Federation abaphikisa Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine. Ico, ngokutsho abanye abantu, kwaba nganeno ngaseludinini ukusinda. Oku lula yi iziganeko zakutshanje - ungquzulwano urhwebo phakathi eGeorgia naseRashiya. Ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, izohlwayo Russian kwisifundo Commonwealth waba nanto. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko kuqatshelwe abantu ababebukele ezininzi, umgaqo-nkqubo we-Russian Federation ukuba ukuhlonipha kwi ithi post-Soviet nje isiphelo iphela 2005 yaye ico ingakumbi abunjwe yi "Gazprom" (bodwa irhasi Russian). Iindleko zepetroli kubonelelwa, ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali, ibe lolunye uhlobo lesohlwayo kunye njengendlela yokukhuthaza Commonwealth yezifundo, kuxhomekeke kwintsebenziswano yabo kwezopolitiko ne-Russia.
"Ubudlelwane Oil and gas"
Ukuthetha into ico, akunakwenzeka singasathethi ke lokumanyanisa zonke izifundo. Aba ixabiso eliphantsi zepetroli sihlangulwe kummandla Russian Federation. Noko ke, ngo-2005, lo nyaka ngoJulayi, kwabhengezwa ukuba ukukhula kwamaxabiso gas kumazwe eBaltic. Iindleko yandisiwe ukuya kwinqanaba yaseYurophu $ 120-125 / amawaka m3. NgoSeptemba waloo nyaka kwenziwa isaziso ungeniselo amaxabiso amafutha for eGeorgia ukususela ngo-2006, ukuya $ 110, kunye ne-2007 - ukuya ku $ 235.
NgoNovemba 2005, kuye inyusiwe ixabiso gas Armenia. Indleko zihanjiswe wayeza kuba $ 110. Noko ke, abasemagunyeni Armenian ziye zivakalise inkxalabo ukuba Republic wayeza kuba nako ukuthenga amafutha ngelo ngexabiso. Russia uye wanikela umdla-ezamahala mboleko, nto leyo kuxolelwa iindleko likhule. Noko ke, Armenia ecetywayo ivume olunye uhlobo lwale Russian Federation - njengendlela eyenye ukutshintshela ngumnini eyiyenye yezitena akwi balo Hrazdan Plant Power obushushu, kwakunye nothungelwano yezothutho igesi lonke kweli lizwe. Noko ke, nangona izilumkiso ukusuka kwicala Armenian malunga iingxaki yokwenyuka kwamaxabiso ngakumbi, ilizwe ilawulwa kuphela ukuba alibazise nokunyuka kwexabiso.
Kuba Moldova, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso wabhengezwa ngo-2005, lo unyaka. Ngo-2007, ixabiso kuye kwavunyelwana ubonelelo entsha. ixabiso kwamafutha kwaba $ 170. KuDisemba, kwavunyelwana ukuba amafutha ku Azerbaijan ngexabiso lentengiso. Ngo-2006, ixabiso waba $ 110, yaye ngo-2007 sele izicwangciso ukuziswa $ 235.
NgoDisemba 2005, ungquzulwano imfazwe phakathi eRashiya naseUkraine. Ukususela ngoJanuwari 2006, kwabhengezwa ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya $ 160. Njengoko iintetho nenye aziphumelelanga, iRashiya waphakamisa ixabiso ku $ 230. Ngandlel 'ithile, wamnika ilungelo wayewise igesi yaba e Belarus. NgoMatshi ka-2005, i-Russian Federation wabhengeza ukwanda ixabiso lonikezelo. Noko ke, ngoAprili 4, Putin wathembisa ukugcina ixabiso kwinqanaba elifanayo. Kodwa emva kokuba ukhetho for Belarus kwenziwa kwakhona isaziso kokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Emva thethwano ende 2007-2011 iindleko olwalubekwe kwi $ 100.
Indima amaqumrhu Commonwealth kobudlelane oyile negesi
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngo-2006, urhulumente Russian iye izame lemfundo ngokwesiseko ezitshatileyo the ico. Bekucingelwa ukuba amalungu layo izifundo ze-Commonwealth, ngendlela enye okanye enye enxulumene igesi kunye namafutha imibhobho, qaphela, koko, indima ephambili ye naseRussia njengohlobo umthengisi yedwa kwamafutha amandla ukuya eYurophu ukusuka eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union. Kulo mzekelo, amazwe asebumelwaneni uyabanda enze umsebenzi zabathengisi igesi wayo, yaya imibhobho Russian, okanye abe intsimi transit. Njengesibambiso yale manyano lwamandla ibandakanya exchange okanye ukuthengiswa zothutho lwamandla asethi.
Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kunye Turkmenistan lafikelela kwisivumelwano malunga kumazwe igesi balo yombhobho "Gazprom". E Uzbekistan kukho uphuhliso iidipozithi Russian leenkampani zasekuhlaleni. EArmenia ubunini "Gazprom" i wegesi Iran. Kwakhona, kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano kunye Moldova ukuba inkampani igesi lobulali "Moldovgaz", isiqingatha ziphantsi "Gazprom", ukuba akhuphe izabelo ezongezelelweyo, ekwenzeni intlawulo uthungelwano distribution igesi.
imibono egxeka
Yintoni ico namhlanje? Ukuhlalutya imbali yakutshanje ye-Commonwealth izifundo, akunakwenzeka ukuba uqaphele ubuninzi kongquzulwano kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Eyaziwa ukungqubana nokuba emkhosini - zombini obufanelekileyo obuphakathi kwamasebe karhulumente. Nanamhla oku, ukuba uhlala ingxaki ezingekasonjululwa ukwenza izinto ubandlululo, zomnyango mthethweni. Ukongeza, kusafuneka indawo kunye ungquzulwano noqoqosho phakathi Russia kwelinye icala no Ukraine kunye Belarus phezu kwezinye.
Eyona ngxaki inkulu sizisombulule umba lweerhafu yorhwebo. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo naseRussia njengohlobo isihloko inkulu Commonwealth (map of Russia kunye ico, ibonisa oku thaca ngezantsi) ukuba amathuba aphezulu ezoqoqosho kunye emkhosini, otyholwa aphule isivumelwano esisiseko, ingakumbi amalungiselelo yokuqhutywa intelligence imisebenzi kuloo ntsimi.
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