Iindwalutho Polish: imbali ukwenzeka, ukukhankanywa okokuqala, abameli

E Poland namhlanje, abemi balo banamalungelo alinganayo kunye nezabelo ngezabelo esigaba nto. Nangona kunjalo, zonke Pole uyayazi intsingiselo yegama elithi "iindwalutho". Olu udidi banelungelo eyayikho kweli lizwe ngenxa phantse iminyaka eliwaka, ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11 neye-20, xa ngowe-1921, zaye wabubhangisa bonke amalungelo.

Imbali ingenzeka

Kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini ukuvela yeyona iindwalutho izikhulu Polish.

Phantsi yokuqala, egqalwa ukukholiseka yaye yamkelwa ngokusesikweni, kukholelwa ukuba izikhulu Polish ezaqala ngenxa yeenguqu yezentlalo kunye noqoqosho yendaleko.

Bathe phangalala izizwe Slavic abahlala kummandla eMpuma Yurophu, ngokuthe ngcembe akhule kwaye abe lilungu lweemanyano. Eyona inkulu igama Opole. Ekuqaleni kwakhokelela Opole emi intlanganiso yamadoda anyuliweyo abameli zabasebenzi zinamandla yaye ehlonelwa. Kwixesha elizayo, ulawulo lwemimandla eyahluka-hlukeneyo Opole kwaye yahlulwa phakathi abadala baba ilifa, kunye namadoda amakhulu bazibiza iinkosana.

iimfazwe rhoqo kwaye ungquzulwano phakathi nabathetheli kukhokelele imfuneko Ukuseka iiyunithi emkhosini. Warriors aqeshwa phakathi kwabantu ezamahala, Awabotshwanga emhlabeni. Kule, iklasi ukhule yaye udidi olutsha nelungelo - izidwangube. Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama isiJamani "iindwalutho" lithetha "idabi".

Kodwa oko uguqulelo wesibini ukuvela eklasini. Lingcwaba lomfo Unjingalwazi Cracow University, Franciszek Xavier Pekosinskomu, owayephila ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ngokutsho nzulu, eli iindwalutho Polish akazange azalwe ezinzulwini abantu mvelo Polish. Nguye uqinisekile ukuba izidwangube okuqala inzala Polabian, usilwa izizwe Slavic ahlasela kummandla Poland kwi-8 ngasekupheleni - kwenkulungwane 9. Xa inkxaso ye hypothesis wakhe kukuba ingubo lwesizwe ngokwemizalwane endala iindwalutho obuvezwa runes Slavic.

Imibhalo yokuqala

Sisihlandlo sokuqala kartel Polish, ngubani na lusungulo wabanumzana, wahlala yemihla Gallus Anonymus, eyafa ngo 1145. Nangona yokuba ayibhala "I Chronicle nezenzo nabathetheli, nakubathetheli Polish" ngamanye amaxesha unesifo ezingachanekanga zembali nemisantsa, kusenjalo nanamhlanje waba mthombo uphambili ulwazi malunga nokusekwa karhulumente Polish. Sisihlandlo sokuqala yezikhulu ezinxulumene amagama Mieszko 1 kunye nonyana wakhe, uKumkani Boleslaw namagorha 1.

Ebudeni bolawulo Boleslav yamiselwa sabelo "nkosi" status of ijoni ngalinye, ngubani unikele inkonzo omkhulu kukumkani. Le ingxelo abasusela kunyaka 1025.

Kumkani kartel Polish

Boleslaw namagorha 1 olungaka le ngesiqu Iinkosana kuphela, kodwa amakhoboka, nangona abize yokuqala ngokwayo iwonga ezikhethekileyo - "mozhnovlady" kunokuba neqhayiya ngokwenene. Kude kube ngasekupheleni umlawuli ngenkulungwane ye-11, ziyafana - Knights, bona - wabaseki udidi iindwalutho, akazange abe nemfuyo yabo ezweni lakhe.

Ngenkulungwane ye-12, xa Boleslav wry-'asibhozo, knightly udidi tumbleweed waba mhlaba.

Europe Knights-kwinkulungwane ye bayazi indlela Church of amajoni ethwele ukholo lwamaKristu kuzo iintlanga. Knights Polish akazange aqale njengoko amajoni yecawa, kodwa abavikeli abathetheli kunye nookumkani. Boleslaw namagorha 1, benze le klasi, yaye lokuqala INkosana ePoland, kwaye ngoko ke self-uyinkosi. Walawula iminyaka phantse 30 wahlala imbali sezopolitiko abakrelekrele kakhulu, ubuqili ngqindilili kunye nejoni. Xa ubukumkani Poland kuye kwenyuka kakhulu ngenxa ukulawula nemimandla Czech. Boleslav owaziswa inxalenye Polish Great Moravia. Enkosi kuye, emzini Krakow, ikomkhulu Njengomncinane Poland, wangena ebukumkanini ePoland ngonaphakade. Ukuze ixesha elide ukuba ikomkhulu karhulumente. Kuyinto unanamhla - enye wemizi emikhulu kweli lizwe, kweenkcubeko, kwezoqoqosho nakwisayensi iziko ezibalulekileyo kuyo.

metacarpel

Piast uhlanga yeharim Korol Boleslav, walawula ilizwe kangangeenkulungwane ezine. Kwaba phantsi Piast Poland zafumana ithuba sokumisela uphuhliso olukhawulezayo kuzo zonke iinkalo. Isisekelo Modern Culture of Poland walala ngoko. Not indima mncinane kule mayidlalwe yobuKristu lizwe. yezandla wanda nolimo zasekwa amakhonkco zorhwebo olomeleleyo kunye namazwe angabamelwane. iklasi Noble sithathe inxaxheba kule nkqubo, negalelo kuphuhliso kunye nokuphakanyiswa of Poland.

Ukwahlukana ungunyana wabanumzana, neenqwelo zokulwa

Ngenkulungwane ye-14 le iindwalutho Polish yaba iklasi enkulu kangangoko kunye nempembelelo kakhulu. Ngoku ukuqala kanye oko, kuba knight feat Yayingekho. imithetho indigénat, adoptsii kunye ennoblement zaye zamkelwa. Izidwangube ukuba kwahlula ngokwabo kwezinye iiklasi, ukubeka uxinzelelo kukumkani. Ukuba wayenako, kuba kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela baba abanini inkulu kweli lizwe. Kwaye ebukumkanini uKumkani uLouis i-Hungarian iphumelele ezazingekho amalungelo.

Košice Privilege

Louis wayengenanyana, neentombi zakhe akukho ilungelo kwetrone. Ukuze ufumane eli lungelo kubo, wathembisa nabanumzana, iindwalutho nokupheliswa phantse yonke imisebenzi ekuyeni kumkani. Ngoko ke, ngo-1374 kwafika Ilungelo odumileyo Košice. Ngoku, zonke izikhundla ebalulekileyo karhulumente yile iindwalutho Polish.

Phantsi isivumelwano esitsha, zithandwa umda kakhulu amandla losapho lobukumkani kwaye zobubingeleli ophakamileyo. Izidwangube ukuba bakhululwe zonke iirhafu, ngaphandle kwelo lizwe, kodwa kwaphela - kunye entsimini omnye ngonyaka ngamnye uya kuhlawuliswa penny-2 kuphela. Kulo mzekelo, nabanumzana bafumana imivuzo xa yalwa. Zange efunekayo ukwakha nokulungisa ivala, iibhulorho, izakhiwo mzi. Ngexesha lotyelelo umntu yobukumkani kummandla Poland iingangamsha engasekho kunye naye njengomlindi udumo escorts nabo Kwakhona umsebenzi isusiwe ukubonelela ngokutya ukumkani kunye nekhusi.

Rzeczpospolita

Ngowe-1569, uBukumkani Poland ubudlelane bethu bunaye Grand Duchy of Lithuania ibe bengatshatanga, Rzeczpospolita. Inkqubo yezopolitiko kule urhulumente omtsha obizwa iindwalutho idemokhrasi. Enyanisweni, kwaba akufani akukho lwentando yesininzi. Xa intloko Commonwealth wonyulwa ukuba ubomi ukumkani. Isihloko kwakhe wayengekho njengelifa. Kunye ulawulo umlawuli lizwe bawuzame Ukutya.

I Ukutya ibe amagumbi amabini - iNdlu Yeengwevu kunye Abameli indlu enguronta. I Ukutya ibe amagosa aphezulu karhulumente kunye nabefundisi Ephakamileyo, yaye indlu Ambassadorial - abameli babo abanyuliweyo kwiklasi iindwalutho. Enyanisweni, imbali ye-Commonwealth - libali indlela wabanumzana luthethwano kwaye ngokungafanelekanga ukulawula imeko yabo.

Amandla buhlile Poland

Nge lobukhosi obuthathaka izidwangube Polish benze negalelo elikhulu amagunya okuwisa imithetho yolawulo. Ababhali-mbali iindwalutho self-yahlolwa njengemfuneko nentshabalalo.

Le ngxelo yakhelwe phezu impembelelo mda le iindwalutho kwiinkqubo lwezopolitiko noqoqosho kweli lizwe. Gentry waba ilungelo azo, ukuba ukumkani ekujongwe ukuba abize athathwe, ukuba nawuphi na umthetho okanye ukumisela irhafu entsha, igama lokugqibela, ukuba okanye hayi, uye wema ukuba iindwalutho. Kwaye oku nangona iklasi iindwalutho kakhulu akhuselwe ngumthetho phezu buqu kunye nempahla lomelele.

Ubudlelwane kunye nabalimi le iindwalutho

Emva nazo kwiinkulungwane 14-15. Poland Red Rus nabalimi gqa Polish baqalisa ukufudukela kwimimandla emitsha. Ngophuhliso kwezorhwebo kwiimveliso zolimo, ekuveliseni kula mazwe, oko baqalisa ukusebenzisa amazwe kukho imfuneko yayo eninzi.

Ngowe-1423 inkululeko abalimi uluntu abafudukayo athintele omnye umthetho yaqaliswa phantsi koxinzelelo oluvela kudidi iindwalutho. Phantsi kwalo mthetho, abalimi aba ngamakhoboka sanyanzeleka ukuba enze panschinu yaye akuvumelekanga ukuba ashiye ilizwe yaye ekhaya.

Ubudlelwane kunye abaqhelekileyo iindwalutho

History of the Commonwealth, yaye ukhumbula indlela iindwalutho wenza labantu ezidolophini. Ngowe-1496 umthetho wawiswa enqanda amaFilisti ukuthenga umhlaba. Isizathu kukuba kude iyintsomi njengoko ingxabano ubabalo emva kokwamkelwa kwale sigqibo ngoko nje ukuba abemi anento bachasele kude imisebenzi emkhosini, yaye ilizwe ebekelwe ukuba abalimi - ezinokuba ukubuthwa. Kunye burger zabo ekhaya-dolophu iya kuthintela ubizo abantu bakhe emkhosini.

Ngokutsho komthetho ofanayo umsebenzi lwezithuba mveliso kunye nezorhwebo ezilawulwa nabathetheli, neerhuluneli elimisiweyo phakathi iindwalutho.

sengqondo Noble

Ngokuthe ngcembe yezikhulu Polish ekuqaleni ukuqonda ngokwakhe ephakamileyo kunye neyona ilungileyo lifa Polish. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ubunzima elipheleleyo iingangamsha abazange tycoons, yaye waba izinto kunokuba athobekile kwaye musa ukuba kumgangatho ophezulu wemfundo, bona babe ukuzithemba kakhulu, kuba nene - ukuba namabhongo kuqala. E Poland, igama elithi "ngamabhongo" usenalo akukho engavumelani.

Yintoni na le sengqondo engaqhelekanga loo yayisekelwe? Okokuqala bonke yokuba wonke igosa lakomkhulu, othe wonyulelwa ukuba uRhulumente, unelungelo azo. Isithethe ke iindwalutho kwakuthetha nkqu sengqondo walihesha kukumkani, ngubani ezonyuliweyo ngokokubona kwayo. Rokosz (ukungathobeli ilungelo uKumkani) ukubeka nokumkani belingana abemi iklasi iindwalutho. Gentleman - indoda elidelile ngokulinganayo zonke iiklasi, ngaphandle kuyo, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uKumkani yena ukuba nene - hayi igunya yaye ngokuqinisekileyo uThixo abathanjisiweyo, ngoko yintoni uthini abalimi kunye nabakumgangatho ophakathi? iingangamsha zabo wabiza amakhoboka.

Ngoko ke yintoni na ixesha le nxalenye bengasebenzi abemi the Commonwealth? iingangamsha ozithandayo umsebenzi, esela, lokuzingela bengqungqa. Yokuziphatha ngabafo Polish enemibala esichazwe iinoveli kwimbali Genrika Senkevicha "Colonel Wolodyjowski", "Umlilo kunye Ikrele" kunye "Flood."

Kodwa yonke into lufikelele ngelinye ekupheleni. Yaye yaphela into yeetawuli yezikhulu.

Poland ngaphakathi uBukhosi Russian

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha, inxalenye imimandla ye-Commonwealth yaba yinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Apha ke waqala ekuthiwa-wesizwe iindwalutho. Eli gama libhekisela iseti imisebenzi yenziwe ngurhulumente waseRashiya. Baye ejoliswe umda ahoye kwaye ezingafanelekanga, kwi-sikhokelo sophuhliso sesizwe, urhulumente yezikhulu Polish. Hi ndlela leyi, ngelixa ipesenti yabemi amanene ePoland zaba-7-8%, kwaye kuBukhosi Russian kwayona 1.5%.

isimo impahla iindwalutho asifikeleli okuvunyelwana eRashiya. Ngomthetho geqe ka September 25, 1800 ukuya izikhulu kuquka ezo abemi Privislinskih amaphondo (babizwa ngokuba amazwe Polish ngaphakathi Russian Federation), ngubani na oya kuba nako iminyaka emibini ukuya ukunika ubungqina obubhaliweyo ngemeko yabo, imvelaphi yayo elandwa iindwalutho izintlu Uhlaziyo ngo-1795. Bonke abanye ziya kusiwa kwezinye iiklasi - abalimi, encinane-yoohlohlesakhe kunye volnohleborobskomu. Ngexesha urhulumente iindwalutho eklasini Commonwealth iindwalutho kwakhona ngokubonakalayo kunye namalungu amatsha. Ngexesha wokujoyina yoBukhosi Russian Amanene abo ikwazile ukufumana iwonga yeNdibano Noble amasekela, kodwa akabanga isiqinisekiso Heraldry weNdlu yeeNgwevu. Olu didi ngaphandle ukusuka kuluhlu kucingwa ukuba phakathi yezikhulu.

Emva kwako Polish 1830-1831 samkelwa isigqibo yeeNgwevu ngomhla onommiselo zezibonda ukuchonga bona kunye iindwalutho, yaye kwisahlulo kuzo ibe ngamahlelo amathathu, kulandele engazibaleli yezikhulu.

Udidi lokuqala wenziwa iipali ekubeni Imihlaba kunye abalimi ongumnini okanye izifundo, kodwa musa ukuba ilizwe, kungakhathaliseki enoba zivunywe iNdibano yesiZwe Noble okanye hayi.

Udidi lwesibini wenziwa izibonda abangenazo umhlaba kunye izifundo, kodwa yavuma yiNdibano Noble.

Udidi lwesithathu wenziwa izibonda Bazibona wabanumzana, kodwa musa ukuba umhlaba kunye izifundo, yaye hayi abavunywe yiNdibano Noble.

Ekubeni bangene ukusebenza kwalo Ummiselo yeNdibano Noble balelwa ukunika nezibonda isiqinisekiso ungunyana wabanumzana, xa kuthiwa ubume ayenziwanga eqinisekiswe Heraldry.

Polish-iindwalutho, nosondeza iphepha kubonelelo yezikhulu, kwabhalwa ngabemi okanye freeholders. Bonke abanye ibhalwe abalimi karhulumente.

Iingangamsha, engavunywanga zasebukhosini Russian, andiyitsibanga wayevunyelwa ukuba athenge umhlaba abalimi. Ekugqibeleni abhalisa iklasi ezincinane-yoohlohlesakhe kunye nabalimi.

Ukuphela eklasini iindwalutho

Ixesha iindwalutho Polish kunye nokufunyanwa Poland (kwinkulungwane yama-20) uzimele geqe kuBukhosi Russian. UMgaqo-siseko omtsha we-1921-1926 biennium. Andizange wakhankanya igama elithi "iindwalutho" okanye "nesithunzi". Ngoku ngonaphakade kwiRiphabliki iPoland novoprovozglashonnoy bonke abemi balo babe namalungelo kunye nemisebenzi alinganayo.