Amathanga IsiNgesi e North America. Countries - amathanga owayesakuba Great Britain

Kukho inani elikhulu lamabali kunye namabali abahambahambayo abanesibindi sokuthembeka okungafaniyo, ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba uColumbus a tyelele eMntla Melika. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abazalwana baseTshayina abaye bafika eCalifornia malunga nekhulu le-5, kunye nabavangeli beSpeyin, abaPhuthukezi, baseIreland nabasemzini ababesithi bavakatye kwilizwe lonke kwi-6th, 7th and 9th centuries. Ummandla waseNyakatho Melika ngowama-24.7 yezigidi zemitha. Km. Umhlaba ocebileyo, ngokwemvelo, wawungumdla owamkelekileyo kumazwe amaninzi.

Ulwazi oluchanekileyo yiingxelo zabase-Norwegian navigators abaye bavakashela umhlaba jikelele kwii-10-14 zeenkulungwane. Kodwa izindlu zaseNorman zawela ekubhujeni kwangethuba le-14 leminyaka, zingashiyi mvelaphi ephawulekayo phakathi kwezizwe zelizwekazi zaseYurophu naseMelika. Ngaloo ndlela, iNorth America yafunyanwa kwakhona kwikhulu le-15 leminyaka. Ngaphambili, abanye baseYurophu bakwenza ngokuchanekileyo iBritish.

Iindwendwe zokuqala zaseBrithani

Ukufumaniswa yiBrithani yaseMerika kwakubonisa ukuqala kohambo lukaJohn Cabot (mhlawumbi igama lakhe lifana neGiovanni Cabbotto okanye iGabotto) kunye noSebastian, unyana wakhe, ababethetha ngokuthe ngqo, bengabantu baseBrithani, kodwa amaTaliyane enkonzweni yaseNgilandi. Emva kokufumana kwizinto ezimbini zokumkani, uKabot wayebophekile ukuba afumane indlela yokuhamba elwandle eya e-China. Kubonakala ukuba, ngo-1497, wafika emanxwemeni aseLabrador (apho, ehamba ngendlela, wadibana nama-Eskimos), kwaye, mhlawumbi, eNewfoundland, apho wadibana khona namaNdiya abomvu abomvu .

Le yintlanganiso yokuqala ye-Yurophu ne "redskins" yaseNyakatho Melika ekhulwini le-15. Ngowe-1498 uhambo lweCabot lwafikelela kummandla weli zwekazi kwakhona.

Isiphumo sokuqala solu hlobo kukufunyanwa kweentlanzi ezicebileyo ezinxweme eziselunxwemeni zaseNewfoundland esele zikhankanywe. Iinqwelo zeentlanzi zokuloba ezivela eNgilani zatshitshiswa apha, inani labo likhula minyaka yonke.

Ukuqala kokoloni

Iikholoni yeNtshona Melika yaqala ngekhulu le-17. Ngeli xesha, isiNgesi sele sinezokhuphiswano ebusweni beSpanish kunye nesiFrentshi, nabo bafuna ukulungelelanisa leli zwekazi. URhulumente weNgilani wayekholelwa ukuba iKhanada yinto eyimvelo yaseBrithani eMelika, ekubeni inxweme yaseCanada yafunyanwa ngendwendwe yeKacot ngaphambi kweFrentshi. Amalinge okufumana izinto ayenziwa ngekhulu le-16, kodwa ayiphumelelanga: iBritani ayifumananga igolide, kwaye yayingayihoywa ukulima. Kuphela kwintshumayelo ye-17 yokuqala yeeNgesi zavela. Bezolimo.

Ngaloo ndlela, inkulungwane yeshumi le-17 yayisigaba sokuqala sekolonikazi.

Amaziko okuqala angamaNgesi aseNyakatho Melika kwi-17 leminyaka

Ubuncwane bobuNgesi baseNgilani buphuhliswe kakhulu ngenxa yokuphumelela kworhwebo lwangaphandle, kunye nokudala iinkampani zorhwebo ezizimeleyo kwiikoloni. Ngenxa yale njongo, iifemu ezimbini zokurhweba zafakwa, kunye nemali ebalulekileyo: eLondon (Varginskaya, okanye eMzantsi) kunye nePlymouth (North). Ziququzelelwe ngokubhaliselwa kwiiyunithi. Iincwadi zasebukhosini zase-Ngilani zithunyelwa ekulahleni kwezi feme amazwe aphakathi kwama-34 no-41 ° kumntla we-latitude, kwaye angenakunqandwa ngokuthe ngqo kwilizwe. IBrithani yasebenza ngokungathi le ntsimi yayikarhulumente wayo, kungekhona kumaNdiya.

EVirginia

USiram Hamilton Gilbert ufumene i-charter yokuqala egunyazisa ukusekwa kwekholoni yaseMerika. Ngaphambi kokuba ahlale kwaye aqale umsebenzi, wenza uhambo lokuhlola eNewfoundland, kodwa ekuhambeni kwakhe waphupha. Ngaloo ndlela, amalungelo kaGilbert adluliselwa kuSir Walter Reilly, isihlobo sakhe, intandokazi ka-Queen Elizabeth ngokwakhe. Ngo-1584 wagqiba ekubeni afumane i-colony esezantsi kweChesapeake Bay waza wabiza ngokuthi iVirginia (ngozuko lwe "intombikazikazi") (kwi-Latin virgo - intombazana). Imephu yaseNgesi yaseMelika, ngoko, yazaliswa enye into. Ngomnyaka olandelayo, elinye iqela labakholoni liye lahlala kwindawo ekhoyo yaseNorth Carolina, kwisiqithi saseRoanoke. Ekupheleni konyaka, babuyela kwilizwe labo, kuba indawo ekhethiweyo yayingozi kwimpilo. Phakathi kwala ma-colonist kwakunguJohn White, umculi odumileyo. Wazisa ezininzi iingubo ebomini base-algoikins - amaNdiya asekuhlaleni. Ixesha lesinye iqela, elifikile ngo-1587 eVirginia, lingaziwa.

Inkampani yaseVirginia yokuthengisa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 yenze iprojekthi yokwakha ikholoni, ecetyiswa nguWalter Reilly. Kule shishini, iindleko ezinkulu zilindelwe. Ngeendleko zaso, inkampani yabanikela abafudukayo ababefanele basebenze iminyaka emine ukuya kweyimihlanu yabo yetyala.

Indawo yenkoloni eyasungulwa ngo-1607 yonyulwa nguJemstown, kodwa ukhetho aluphumelelanga. Le ndawo yayingenasiphelo, ininzi yezinyosi, amanqatha. Ukongeza, iBrithani yaba yintshaba yamaNdiya. Ukuqinisekiswa nabo kunye nezifo ezinyangeni ezimbalwa baye bathi ubomi buba malunga neyesibini kwi-colonists.

Ubomi buhlelwe ngendlela yempi. Abakholoni babuthana kabini ngosuku kunye nokuthunyelwa ukusebenza emasimini, ngokuhlwa ngokuhlwa babuyela esidlweni baza bathandaza kwiJemstown. UJohn Rolf, owathi wathatha "ikosikazi" iPocahontas, intombi yenkokeli yesizwe sendawo uPohatan, watshata, ukususela ngo-1613 waqala ukukhula iteksi. Ukususela ngoko, le mveliso sele ibe yinto ebalulekileyo yengeniso yabakholoni kunye nenkampani yaseVirgia. Ukugqibela, ukukhuthaza ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe, kwabanika izabelo zomhlaba. Ukusebenzisa iindleko zendlela esuka eNgilani ukuya eMelika, amahlwempu nawo afumana isabelo, apho bahlawula khona iintlawulo ezihlawulelwe.

EMaryland naseVirginia

Kamva, ngo-1624, xa iVirginia (intsimi yaseNyakatho Melika) yaqala ukuthathwa njengekoloni yasebukhosini, kwaye ukulawulwa kwayo kudluliselwe ezandleni zerhuluneli ebekwe ngukosi, lo msebenzi waba yintlawulo yomhlaba. Ukufudukela kwamanye amahlwempu. Ngoko, ukuba ngo-1640 abantu beli koloni babe ngabemi abali-8 000, ngoko ngo-1700 kwakukho i-70,000. E-Maryland, enye ikoloni yaseBrithani yasungulwa ngo-1634, emva kwangoko emva kwesiseko, iNkosi uBaltimore yanikela iikholoni, abashishini abakhulu kunye nabakhi behlabathi. Imephu yemimandla yaseMelika yanamhlanje igcine amagama lawa kunye namanye amakholoni alelo xesha njengamazwe.

Bobabini baseMaldin naseVirginia bazikhethele ukuvelisa iteksi kwaye ke bancike kakhulu kwimpahla yaseBrithani. Kwimimandla emikhulu yale mi koloni, abasebenzi abasemgangathweni babengamahlwempu awathathwa eNgilani. "Abakhonzi abancedisayo," njengoko babizwayo, kwiphondo le-17, babenokuba ngabantu abaninzi abafudukela e-Maryland naseVirginia.

Bahlali

Ngokukhawuleza, umsebenzi wabo ngokukhawuleza, uthatyathelwe yinkonzo yekhoboka yeNigroes, ukususela kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-17 leminyaka kunikwa amaKoloni angamazantsi aseNyakatho Melika. I-batch yokuqala yokuqala yaboniswa ngo-1619 ukuya eVirginia.

Phakathi kweenkolonti zangekhulu le-17 kwakukho nabahlali abakhululekileyo. "Oobahambi booyise" baya kwikoloni yasePlymouth esenyakatho, amaPuritan aseNgesi, amanye awo ayengama-secctari abalekela eNgilani kwiintshutshiso zonqulo. NgoNovemba 1620, iinqanawa kunye nabahambi ngeendlela ezihambela eKapa Codu. Isiqingatha sazo safa ekuqaleni kwebusika, njengoko abahlali, abahlali basezidolophini, abazange bahlakulele umhlaba, bangazingeli, okanye bazintlanzi. Kuphela ngoncedo lwamaNdiya, abafundisa abafikayo ukuba bakhulise ingqolowa, bonke ekugqibeleni baphila baze bakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala kwihambo. Eyilwe ngamacandelo avela ePlymouth, ikholoni yayibizwa ngokuba yiNew Plymouth.

EMassachusetts

AmaPuritan, ayexinzezelwe ngexesha lokulawula kweStuarts, waqalisa i-Massachusetts colony eNyakatho Melika ngo-1628. Ibandla lePuritan linamandla amakhulu kule koloni. Umhlali ohlala kuphela unelungelo lokuvota ukuba wayengowesonto kwaye wayencomo esihle somshumayeli. Ingxenye yesihlanu kuphela yowesilisa inelungelo lokuvota phantsi kwenkqubo.

Kamva, ngexesha le- Revolution yesiNgesi, imephu yeenkoloni zaseBrithani zanda. Kwakukho izinto ezintsha. Kwiikoloni zesiNgesi eMntla Melika zaqala ukufika, "abaChevaliers" - abafudumi belizwe, abazange bafune ukunyamekela ukulungiswa kolawulo lwelizwe elizweni. Bahlala, ngokuyininzi eVirginia, kwikoloni esezantsi.

Carolina

Abathengisi abasibhozo bakaKumkani uCharles II ngo-1663 bafumana isipho somhlaba esisezantsi kweVirginia, kwaye baqalwa apha kwikoloni yaseColombia (eyahlula ngokuya eMntla naseMzantsi). Ukuphuculwa kwabanikazi bomhlaba baseVirginia, inkcubeko yecuba iyasasazeka apha. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iindawo, ezifana neShenandoah Valley entshonalanga yeMaldin, kunye nakwiindawo ezinxweme zaseNingizimu Carolina ngasezantsi eVirginia, kwakungekho miqathango yokulima esi sityalo. Lapha irayisi yahlulwa, kunye neGeorgia.

Abantu baseColombia babefuna ukuzityebi ngokuhlakulela irayisi, i-sugar cane, i-flax, i-hemp, i-silk, i-indigo, oko kukuthi, iimpahla ezingenakwenzeka eNgilandi kwaye zivela kwamanye amazwe. Apha ngo-1696 iindidi zaseMadagascar zithengiswa. Ukutshala kwalo kususela kuba ngumsebenzi oyintloko wabemi basekuhlaleni iminyaka eyikhulu. Ilayisi yahlonyelwa elwandle kunye namanzi amanxweme. Umsebenzi onzima wawubekwe kumahlombe aseNigro khoboka, elibalelwa kwisiqingatha sabemi ngo-1700. Kwimeko yangoku yaseMzantsi Carolina, oko kukuthi, kwingxenyeni esezantsi yekholoni, ubukhoboka bubekwe ngakumbi ngakumbi kunaseVirginia. Abalimi abanamakhoboka abakhulu babekho eCharleston, kwiziko lezenkcubeko kunye nezolawulo, izindlu ezizityebi. Iindlalifa zabanikazi bokuqala ngo-1719 bathengisa isithsaba sabo kwiNqununu.

ENorth Carolina, apho abaninzi ababaleki baseVirginia (ababekhuselekile kwiirhafu ezigqithisileyo kunye namatyala ngamalimi amancinane) kunye namaQuaker, bahlala ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Kwakukho izicaka ezimbalwa zeNigro kunye nemimandla emikhulu. Ngo-1726, iNorth Carolina yaba yikoloni yesiNgesi.

Kuzo zonke iimpahla abantu abazaliswayo, ngokukodwa ngabahlali baseSkotland, eNgilani nase-Ireland.

ENew York

Eminye imibala emininzi yayingabemi bezinye iikholoni: eNew York (eyayisakuba yiDutch yaseNetherlands eNew Netherlands) kunye neNew Amsterdam (kwisixeko samanje saseNew York). Emva kokuba athathwe yiBrithani, waya kwiDuke yaseYork, umzalwana kaCharles II, ukumkani waseNgesi. Ngelo xesha, kwakungabikho abemi abali-10 000 abathetha iilwimi ezili-18. Impembelelo yaseDatshi yayinkulu, nangona abahlali beli lizwe babengabininzi. Iindlela zalo zihlala zihlala: Ulimi lwaseMerika luquka amagama aseDatshi, kwaye indlela yokwakha yaseNetherlands ibashiye uphawu lwayo ngokubonakala kwimizi yaseMerika kunye nemizi, apho i-North America yamanje idibeneyo. Ifoto yeNew York ngo-1851 yabona ngezantsi.

Ukukhula koloni

Iikholoni yaseMntla Melika ngeBritani yayinkulu kakhulu. Eli lizwekazi limelelwe ngumhlaba othenjisiweyo kumahlwempu aseYurophu. Apha baceba ukuphuma kwintshutshiso yonqulo, ukuxhatshazwa kwabanini bamhlaba abaninzi kunye namatyala.

Abaqeshwe baqeshwe eMelika ngamashishini amashishini athile, kwaye baququzelela ngokunyanisekileyo kwabo. Amagosa kwiindawo zokuhlalisa atywala abantu. Babenxila njengoko babesetyenziselwa iinqanawa kwaye bathathwa kwiikoloni zesiNgesi eNyakatho Melika.

Ngenye yezinto zesiNgesi zavela. Ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kunye nabemi bawo. Ukuguqulwa kwegrarian eBrithani, okwabangela ukuba abantu bangabanikazi belifa, baxoshe eNgilani abantu abaninzi abahluphekayo abafuna ukufumana umhlaba omtsha kwiikoloni.

Kwilizwe lonke ngo-1625 kwakukho iikholoni kuphela ngo-1980, kwaye ngowe-1641 - sele sele i-50 000 abantu baseNgilandi, bengabhekisi ngabanye abahlali. Kwiminye iminyaka engama-50 inani labemi liye landa ukuya kumawaka angama-200. Ngowe-1760, yaba yi-1.955 yezigidi zabantu abahlala kuyo, abangama-310 abagqila beNigro. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, inani lamakholoni landa phantse ezimbini.

Imfazwe namaNdiya

Kwangexesha elide, iikholoni zahlasela imfazwe yentshabalalo ngokumelene namaNdiya, ithatha ilizwe labo. Kuphela kwiminyaka embalwa, ukususela ngo-1706 ukuya ku-1722, iintlanga zaseVirginia zabhujiswa ngokupheleleyo, nangona zikhonkco "ezihambelana" zidibanisa inkokeli yabo enamandla ngesiNgesi.

ENew England, ngasenyakatho, iiPuritan zazisebenzisa ezinye iindlela: zithenga umhlaba kumaNdiya ngoncedo "lwezentengiso". Kamva oku kwabangela ukuba izazi-mlando zixelele ukuba ookhokho baseMerika abazange babambe amazwe amaNdiya kwaye abazange badibanise inkululeko yabo, kodwa bagqiba iimvumelwano kunye nabo. Ngomtya wobuhlalu, ngenxa yesigxina sesibhamu, njl njl., "Unokuthenga" umhlaba omkhulu. Kwaye amaNdiya, ababengamazi malunga nokuhlala kwipropati yabucala, ngokuqhelekileyo bebengayazi malunga nokuqulathwe kwintsebenzo ephelileyo. Ekuqinisekiseni ukusemthethweni komthetho, iikholoniyali zaqhutywa kumazwe abanikazi bamandulo, kwaye ukuba abavumelanga ukuhamba, babatshabalalisa. Ngokukrakra ngokukrakra kwakukho ukuxhatshazwa kwenkolo evela eMassachusetts. Njengoko ibandla lalivakalisa, ukubetha kwamaNdiya kwakukholisa uThixo. Uninzi lwabantu bomdabu lwafa .

Pennsylvania

Eminye ingqungquthela kule nkqubo ekhohlakeleyo yokutshatyalaliswa kwamaNdiya asekuhlaleni kwakusePennsylvania, eyasungulwa ngo-1682 yi-Quaker ucebile uWilliam Penn, unyana weNgqungquthela weNgesi, ngenxa yokutshutshiswa kwakhe kwilizwe lakubo. Bazama ukugcina ubudlelwane obusondeleyo nabahlali bendawo. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1744-1748 no-1755-1763 kwakukho iimfazwe phakathi kwama-coloni aseFrentshi nakwiNgesi, amaNdiya awamanyeneyo kunye nabokuqala abandakanyeka kuwo kwaye baphoqeleka baphuma ePennsylvania (North America). Ifoto yePittsburgh yamanje, ehlala kwintsimi yekholoni yangaphambili, yabona ngezantsi.

Ikholeji ngekhulu le-19

Iikholoni yeNtshona Melika yaqhubeka ngekhulu le-19. Kwingxenye yokuqala yesithathu, utshintsho olukhulu luyenzeka ekuphuhlisweni kwezoqoqosho kunye nentlalo yezinto zaseBrithani eNyakatho Melika. I-Today yeKhanada iquka iikholeji zangaphambili zesiNgesi.

Ngekhulu le-19, malunga nesiqingatha sezigidi zabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe bangena eKhanada, ubunini baseBrithani beli gama elifanayo, kwaye abantu abahlala kwiikholoni badlula i-1 million. Isiseko soqoqosho sasiyi-sawmilling , ukulima kunye nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi. Kwakukho iimveliso. Kodwa isiseko semveliso ekoloni yayisisitye esincinci. Imveliso yesiNgesi yangeniswa kwikholoni yanyusa umveliso wendawo. Ngoko ukuphikisana kwezenhlalakahle kwandisiwe. Amagosa aseColonial, abaqapheli kunye nabathengisi bezoshishino balungiselele umhlaba owenzelwe abantu basekuhlaleni. Ezi kunye nezinye iziphikisana zakhokelela ekuvukeleni kwi-Upper nezantsi kweCanada ngo-1837-1838. Baye baxhatshazwa, kwaye iinkokeli zabo zabulawa ngabantu.

Emva kokunciphisa i-insurrection, ulawulo lwaseKrithani lwama-colonial lugqiba ukuqhubeka lufana ne-Franco-Canadians, kwaye ngowe-1841 wakhupha uMthetho woManyano, ngokubhekiselele kuloo ophakamileyo ne-Lower Canada, owayengumakoloni ase-Great Britain, babumbene phantsi kwegama leCanada. Lo mthetho wawungumthetho wobundlobongela bekoloni kunye nokuxhatshazwa okukhulu.

AmaKoloni aseBrithani enkulu ngekhulu le-19

IGrithani enkulu ngelo xesha yayinempahla enkulu ephesheya kwezilwandle. Phakathi nekhulu le-19, indawo yaseNyakatho Melika yase-Ngilani yayineenkoloni ezilandelayo: I-Nova Scotia, Canada, i-New Brunswick, i- Newfoundland, isiKhulu sase-Prince Edward, ne-British Columbia, eselunxwemeni lwasePacific kwaye yahlukana nayo yonke impahla yayo ngamawaka eekhilomitha.

Kule minyaka ingama-60 eNgilani umisele izinto zalo ubunye ngamathanga zabo. Ngowe-1867, "Dominion of Canada", nto leyo bemanyene karhulumente omnye yangaphambili koloni yaseBritani. It iqulathe ngendlela kumaphondo IsiNgesi-wayethetha Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, kwakunye othetha isiFrentshi eQuebec. siseko Canada kaThixo yamkelwa kunyaka omnye.

Countries - amathanga yangaphambili Great Britain, ngaleyo bamanyane phantsi kweflegi enye.