Yintoni imboni?

Yezemithi ibisoloko kunganobungozi obukhulu kwindlela esebenza ngayo uqoqosho. Sikunye wabazingeli kwaye linethemba, oko akuvumelekanga yokwenza umthetho. Yezemithi kunye nefuthe layo elibi kuqoqosho kwaye kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kweli nqaku.

Ingcamango imboni

Ngoko ke, yintoni a imboni? Yintoni ifuthe layo phezu ubudlelwane yezoqoqosho kunye loluntu?

Imboni - sisivumelwano sokuba kuphothulwe phakathi kweenkampani ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Ingaba zombini uhlobo olubhaliweyo kunye ngomlomo. Esi sivumelwano ejoliswe kwesithintelo olomeleleyo ukhuphiswano kunye, ke ngoko, ukuze afumane inzuzo enkulu.

Yezemithi usoloko kuphela kwindalo. Le nto yenza oku kuvumelana mthethweni kumazwe amaninzi. Oku nako kongezwa umnqweno ukulawula amaxabiso, ukuvelisa nokuqhuba imisebenzi nokuthengisa ngokuzimeleyo. Ngenxa yokuba izenzo ezinjalo imveliso mandundu kakhulu, ayiphelelanga ngokwesakhono esikhoyo kwimveliso. abantu zomthetho athwale uxanduva lolawulo kwaye maxa wambi nkqu solwaphulo imboni.

Iinjongo kunye neenjongo zezivumelwano imboni

Eyona njongo iphambili bonke abo bantu ukuba amalungiselelo imboni, ukubala, Kakade ke, kulula. Le nokususwa phantse ngokupheleleyo ukhuphiswano kummandla othile emarikeni (njenge umthetho, abenzi ingqalelo kwezinye iindawo kunye nendawo yokuthengisa for yabo, xa enyanisweni ingagcinwa). Emva kokufumana imarike elawulwa, abavelisi zinyanzelisa kuye kumgaqo-nkqubo walo: ngokwemiqathango yalo kunye nemiqathango. Kanye ngenxa yoku, ukuba zingaqinisekisa kakhulu lula kunye namaxabiso zikufaneleyo wena.

Kuyinto bubudenge ukukhanyela yokuba bodwa kwimarike yanamhlanje zophuhliso akunakuphepheka. kukubawa kwabantu Banal iyabanyanzelisa abavelisi ukuba singamanyana ukwandisa ingeniso yabo ngokwandisa amaxabiso kunye nokunciphisa umthamo nokukhululwa kwempahla. Kakade ke, oku kube nefuthe elibi kakhulu kumacandelo zesiqhelo labemi: amaxabiso ukufukuka, kwaye umgangatho imveliso yemali.

Iintlobo zorhwebo, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo leyelenqe

Kukho ukuhlelwa ezininzi zorhwebo. Ngezantsi zidweliswe kuphela iindidi ezininzi ezingundoqo ze-aziwa kwezivumelwano imboni.

Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo leyelenqe, zorhwebo zahlulwe iintlobo ezimbini: abathe nkqo nabathe tye. Njani kwahluka enye kwenye? nto intle elula apha. yezemithi nkqo yesivumelwano phakathi kwamashishini (ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu) of a kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Lidla ngokungafaniyo amashishini zomnye (umz myasopererobatyvayuschee kunye namahlathi, metallurgical kunye moya njalo njalo. D.) zenzelwe ukuba ukuthintela ukuba kungabikho bungqingqwa yemarike nokuseka ulawulo. Ngako oko, le zorhwebo tye iinkampani isivumelwano ngomlomo koshishino elinye zibhaliwe okanye.

Iintlobo zorhwebo, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomsebenzi

umkhuba World elibone ntlobo zilandelayo izivumelwano imboni:

• izivumelwano imboni Equity. Yahlulwe quota kunye indawo. Kwimeko yokuqala, abathathi-nxaxheba izivumelwano amaxabiso ngokungekho agqalisele imarike ngokusebenzisa quotas. Noko ke, Kwimeko yesibini, ngokuthe ngcembe wazisusa ukhuphiswano - ngokunika nxaxheba entengo zokuthengisa.
• izivumelwano kwemali imboni. iimeko ezilinganayo zohanjiso kunye neentlawulo iya kuvunywa yamkelwe kunye namaxabiso ezikumgangatho ofanayo.
• zorhwebo moya. Isivumelwano ezichazwe uhlobo ithi abo banoxanduva iimeko ezithile kwentengiso.
• Ngokuthenga zorhwebo. sivumelwano kakhulu eqhelekileyo. umongo yabo sikuko ekuziseni phantsi ixabiso lentengo ngokuthenga iinkampani ezininzi ezifanayo (okanye uhlobo oluthile) imveliso.
• Calculation imboni. Kulo mzekelo kwishishini nye nokuqhuba imigaqo-nkqubo phantse efanayo: abale efanayo elikumila kunjalo, etc ...

Kukho ezinye iintlobo ezininzi kwezivumelwano imboni. Noko ke, umkhwa article phakathi zonke iintlobo kunye iintlobo okukhona enjalo, Kakade ke, ezibonakalayo. Le ixabiso enye, nokuthengisa, isithintelo okanye ukwanda amandla emveliso, njalo-njalo. D.

Ngomhla lombutho zorhwebo

Yezemithi phakathi abalimi ukuba singeniswe ngomlomo okanye ngokubhala. Kaninzi kwi imfundo kunye nophuhliso yezemithi abalimi impembelelo yonxulumano esi sivumelwano ukuze bangene. Ngamafutshane, iiCEO kufutshane ngakumbi lula zinxulumene omnye komnye, ngakumbi ukuba isiphelo phakathi intengiselwano ngokwesini. Kunjalo ke vice versa.

Indlela oluthandayo iinkokeli nayiphi na inkampani - equkumbela zithintele leyelenqe kwi inani elincinane kubavelisi ezivenkileni. Into yokuba ukungabikho inani elikhulu kwezinye iinkampani kukhuthaza ukusekwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye kulula okukhona mthethweni phakathi abavelisi. Ukuba iinkampani kakhulu, yaye yezemithi njengoko enjalo kuya kuba kakuhle kakhulu; kukho iindleko ezininzi kunye neendleko; kunye namathuba okuba ngenene ukuxelwa kwalo kuya kuba izihlandlo eziliqela ngaphezulu.

Imiba yophuhliso zorhwebo

Kukho iqela lemiba enokuchaphazela ngokungalunganga ukukhula ukusebenza kwe zorhwebo. abenzi abaninzi njalo sinikele ingqalelo ubukho izinto ezinjalo. Ngapha koko, izivumelwano zithintele alize kulogo. Ngoko ke zintoni na iimpawu zithintele kunye nomsebenzi yayo echumayo?

Ngokuphawulekayo kuluchaphazela kusini na uphuhliso isivumelwano zithintele kukuba uhlobo imveliso. Eyona nto kukuba le zorhwebo tye abhalwe rhoqo, kuba kulula nje yaye ngakumbi kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo usebenza akusoloko. Umzekelo, kuba nzima kakhulu ukudala zithintele tyaba ubuso kwentlobo ngamandla imveliso emarikeni.

Into elandelayo - elula ebango uqikelelo. Xa umongo esitalini, kulula ukuba liqikelele imfuno ukuze bagqibe zithintele bekuya kuba lula kakhulu. Kulula ukungqina isikimu ofanayo kuba, ukuba ukhangela urhulumente kunye kwimarike ezingazinzanga. Ngapha koko, akukho phantse akukho zorhwebo - ukuba nje kungafaneleki.

Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye kubalulekile ukuba zorhwebo factor kwemveliso: umthetho antitrust kwi zikarhulumente (okanye mandithi, iimpawu zayo). Kukho aliqela kumazwe apho zorhwebo akukho eyalelweyo ngumthetho. Kulo mzekelo, ukupheliswa zonke iintlobo izivumelwano phakathi abenzi bugwetyelwe ngokusemthethweni. Mu kuya kwa nshita ithi apho zorhwebo baya kutshutshiswa. Isiphelo yesivumelwano kula mazwe Kungumngcipheko kakhulu kwaye ke kubekanye. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iinkcukacha omnye umdla kakhulu: kumazwe apho zorhwebo kuyathintelwa ngumthetho, ukupheliswa zithintele kukuba kubavelisi kakhulu nemveliso ngaphezu kwamazwe apho ngokomthetho.

Ngeengozi izivumelwano imboni

Kakade ke, lo zorhwebo kuba nefuthe elibi kakhulu kubo bobabini ezoqoqosho kunye nentlalo yobomi. Sekunjalo, kuyanceda ukuqonda ngakumbi kancinane: oko kuquka imboni? inkqubo yezeejaji igqamisa inani neziphumo ezibi izivumelwano ezinjalo.

Okokuqala, ukuba ucalu -nxaxheba ezahlukeneyo emarikeni. Ingakumbi le ndlela esizibonakalisa kwiimeko apho kubavelisi bathengi kangako. Ukumanyanisa iinkampani zithintele kubeka uxinzelelo kwezinye iinkampani - zonke ukuqinisekisa ukuba nazo zibandakanyiwe deal. Kukho lunyhasho ngqo lwamalungelo. Okwesibini, ukuba ukunyanzelisa iimeko ezithile ezithile kwiinkampani ukuba baye bagqiba ekubeni angene kwisivumelwano. Apha uyakwazi ukubona ukunqongophala geqe abenzi. Okwesithathu, kukudala amaxabiso kakhulu anomoya kwaye bayathanda ukuba imveliso ephantsi-esemgangathweni. Kulo mzekelo, imboni athe wenzakala ngqo ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. umthetho Russian nawuphi na intshukumo enye indlela okanye enye ejoliswe ukuphelisa ukhuphiswano. Yiyo loo nto nayiphi zithintele yeKhowudi Criminal uyayiqonda mthethweni kwaye ubeka uxanduva kuyo.

Zorhwebo kwi US naseYurophu

Kwi-West, imboni - yinto ekhethekileyo uhlobo yingisela. Yena zange iqatshelwe mthethweni, njalo futhi yonke. Enyanisweni, ungahlela i yezemithi, kwaye zomthetho kumazwe aseYurophu. Noko ke, kukho enye iinkcukacha umdla kakhulu.

Isibakala sokuba imboni sijongana eYurophu zahlulwe zibe "zimbi" yaye "ezinqwenelekayo". Iinkampani bangena kwisivumelwano efanayo kufuneka ungenise kuphela kuzuza uqoqosho karhulumente. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngendlela yezemithi ukuphumeza loo pretty nzima. Noko ke, xa ufuna ukufikelela abathengi ngaphezulu okanye ukunyusa ingeniso, imibutho karhulumente efana ziya kukhuthaza kuphela. Lutho imeko malunga ne zorhwebo "yingozi". Kule hlobo kwimibutho badla ngasonye kunye nabasemagunyeni. Kunye neenkqubo zorhwebo "engathandekiyo", urhulumente uzama ukulwa ngandlela zonke.

Imizekelo yezemithi West amakhulu. OPEC (umbutho ka States entsimini kokombiwa), umzekelo, ezikhanya kubo. Ngapha koko, oku eyahlukileyo ukuba kubizwa ngokuba zithintele lokwenyaniso phakathi kwamazwe. Hi ndlela leyi, kunye OPEC kwaye ezinxulumene amanyundululu ezininzi. amaxesha amaninzi, lo mbutho nkqu esengozini lokuvalwa.

Njani na kumlo ochasene zorhwebo kumazwe ahlukeneyo?

amazwe Western ozama ukujongana imibutho zithintele ngokubeka imali phezu kwabo. Kwi-US, umzekelo, isixa ocoliweyo, amaqumrhu asemthethweni ifikelela $ 100 yezigidi, ngokuba abantu - 1 yezigidi. Nangona kunjalo, lo esohlwayo kubalwa kabini ubungakanani ingeniso okanye ilahleko. Kulo mzekelo, abathathi-nxaxheba zithintele kuya kufuneka ukuba ahlawule urhulumente ezigidi.

Kwi-Russian Federation, ekulweni zorhwebo i-ofisi yomtshutshisi kunye namapolisa. Kukho isebe ekhethekileyo eliphanda amatyala bodwa entsimini-nkqubo zorhwebo. Isohlwayo imboni eRashiya besukelana amawaka 20. Engange kwamagosa kunye 0,15 yesixa efunyanwa iindlela ezingekho mthethweni, ukuba amaqumrhu asemthethweni.

Ingxaki anti-imboni

Kakade ke, ekulweni imibutho zithintele rhoqo bagxeka. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba abangafundanga kakhulu nkqubo antitrust. Umzekelo, umenzi igqibe ukunciphisa inani okanye, phezu koko, ukukhulisa amaxabiso kakhulu kwiimveliso zabo. Kulo mzekelo, ungenza sele wenze ingxelo kwi imboni, nto leyo eneneni, Kakade ke, akunjalo.

Kukho iingcamango ezininzi zoqoqosho ukuba bathi ekulweni zorhwebo wenza okubi ngaphezu okulungileyo. Ukuze othile oku kuyinyaniso. Ngapha koko, kukho imizekelo apho amaxabiso ngokugqithisileyo ahlelwa aba zithintele nabavelisi bakhonza ngabanye uphawu nezinye iinkampani, ke, zehlisa amaxabiso natyetyiswa kuyo. Phofu ke, namhlanje iqwalaselwa imboni isihange. Nayiphi na inkampani, umenzi okanye igosa elula angafaka isicelo Federal Antimonopoly Service of imboni. A isampuli yale isicelo thaca ngezantsi.

Ingxaki nozinzo imboni

Kakade ke, abenzi imboni ezininzi neengenelo. Noko ke, ingxaki ka iinkampani nazo khona. Umzekelo woku ayikho malunga neengxaki komthetho: le nto ke, ukuba imboni - esi simo siphila ixesha elifutshane kakhulu, efuna ngaphandle ingqalelo eyodwa onke amaqela, iphela. Yima okanye ukuma zithintele - kuxhomekeke kuphela kumalungu ayo. inkuthazo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba bonke abalimi ziye zagqiba isivumelwano. Ngapha koko, kukho iqela ubuncinane omnye kwamanye amalungu yezemithi bakope, ndaphule iimeko ezithile kwangaphambili, yonke imboni nciphisa.

Zorhwebo zisoloko kwaye iya kuba imibutho-obufutshane, okwethutyana. Kungekudala sivumelwano mthethweni wabatshabalalisa ngokwabo, kunokuba isimo ukubanjwa. Yonke le nto kukuba iinkampani ezahlukeneyo, sigqibe yezemithi, kufuneka ezigoso imfuno ezahlukileyo kakhulu, iindleko njalo njalo. D. Ngenxa yoko, abantu bangena phakathi kwisivumelwano zithintele ke, hamba uye engozini enkulu kunene, kuba amathuba ngowabo liphezulu kakhulu.