Yintoni inkqubo boncwadi

Igama elithi "Inkqubo zoncwadi" zingaqalisa basenokungakuqheli inkcazelo yayo umntu ngalala. Ngenxa yokuba akucacanga ukuba inkqubo, oko kuthiwa, yintoni ebandakanyekileyo kwaye kukho uhlobo imithetho. Kweli nqaku, siza uhlaziye iinkcukacha kulo mbono. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo inikwa inkqubo yoncwadi kwiinkulungwane-19 kunye 20.

Yintoni inkqubo zoncwadi?

Le nto ibhekisa:

• ubomi sokudala zizo zonke izibakala kunye izenzakalo ilizwe othile ngexesha elithile;
• uphuhliso yoncwadi ngengqiqo lwehlabathi, kuquka yonke iminyaka, iinkcubeko kunye namazwe.

Xa usebenzisa lo gama ngengqiqo yesibini idla ukusebenzisa igama elithi "zembali ezoncwadi inkqubo".

Ngokubanzi, ingqiqo uchaza utshintsho yembali yehlabathi kunye noncwadi lesizwe, iphuhlise, ekugqibeleni banxibelelane nabanye.

Xa ubufunda le nkqubo abaphandi basombulula iingxaki ezininzi, lowo iphambili phakathi apho Incedisa iifomu zemibongo, iimbono, iintshukumo kunye neendlela kwabanye.

impembelelo ababhali

Inkqubo loncwadi kunye ababhali babethandana ubuchule zabo ezintsha zobugcisa umfuniselo ngolwimi kunye nohlobo utshintsho Indlela nenkcazelo ihlabathi nomntu. Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo zabo ababhali benze ayikho ukusuka ekuqaleni, kuba baya bathembele kumava exesha langaphambili, ababehlala elizweni yakhe nakwamanye amazwe. Oko kukuthi, umbhali usebenzisa phantse onke amava nobugcisa yoluntu. Kule sinokugqiba ukuba kukho lomzabalazo iingcamango ezindala kunye ezintsha obugcisa, yaye zonke intshukumo ezintsha zoncwadi iye ubeke imigaqo yalo yendalo, nto leyo, esekelwe kwisithethe, kodwa umngeni babo.

Evolution of ndlela kunye neentlobo

Ngaloo ndlela inkqubo zoncwadi ibandakanya ngendaleko ngeentlobo. Ngenxa yoko, ngenkulungwane ye-17 ababhali French bavakalisa endaweni ezimbejembeje, ukwamkela iimbongi Ngokuzithandela kunye bemidlalo, imigaqo odidi, esifuna ukungqinelana nemigaqo engqongqo. Noko ke, sele kwinkulungwane ye-19 kwakukho romance, bayicekisayo yonke imithetho, bekuxela inkululeko mculi. Okuchithwa kuvela ngoko lemithombo romanticism ayinyani yaye babeke phambili iimfuno zabo imisebenzi. Kwaye ke kutshintshwe ezi ndawo - njengenxalenye yenkqubo yoncwadi, kwakunye nezizathu zokuba yenzeka, nababhali ukusebenza phakathi kwabo.

Musa ukulibala malunga lweendidi. Ngaloo ndlela, inoveli, uhlobo sikhulu kakhulu ethandwa, uye waba ngaphezu kwesinye utshintsho imisinga zobugcisa eziqhubekayo. Kwaye oko ilungiswe kuyo yonke iminyaka. Umzekelo, umzekelo obalaseleyo yenoveli le Renaissance - "Don Quixote" - eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka 'Robinson Crusoe ", ebhaliweyo ngexesha yiEnlightenment, yaye zombini ayaba kunye imisebenzi O. de Balzac, Victor Hugo, uCharles Dickens.

iincwadi Russian ngenkulungwane ye-19

inkqubo yokuloba 19. Kuyinto umfanekiso kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo. Ngeli xesha, ukufika kwe ngokoqobo ezibalulekileyo. Kunye nabameli oku zezi N. V. Gogol, A. S. Pushkin, I. S. Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, F. M. Dostoevsky kunye A. P. Chehov. Njengoko ubona, umsebenzi aba babhali yahluke kakhulu, kunjalo, bonke basonta flow efanayo. Kwesi sifundo uncwadi kule nkalo, uthetha nje sobuntu imifanekiso ababhali, kodwa utshintsho phambi kokusebenza ngokoqobo kunye nendlela ekuqondeni ihlabathi nomntu.

Ekuqaleni romanticism kwenkulungwane ye-19 indawo "sisikolo wemvelo", nto leyo esele phakathi kwenkulungwane waqala ukuba waqonda njengento ethintela uphuhliso ngakumbi uncwadi. F. Dostoevsky and Tolstoy aqalile ukuba uhlomele ukubaluleka ngakumbi psychologism kwimisebenzi yakhe. Kwakuyinto entsha kwisigaba kuphuhliso ngokoqobo in Russian, kwaye "isikolo wemvelo 'lixesha. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba iindlela zangaphambili yokumpompoza uyeke ukusebenzisa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abantu abatsha intshukumo zoncwadi ikwafaka endala, eshiya ngokomkhethe oko ngohlobo olulo ngoku, engagqibekanga ilungiswe. Kodwa musa ukulibala impembelelo uncwadi lwangaphandle in Russian, ngokunjalo, ngokuzenzekelayo, iincwadi Russian amazwe.

uncwadi weNtshona Koloni kwenkulungwane ye-19

inkqubo yoncwadi lwe ngenkulungwane ye-19 eYurophu ibandakanya iinkalo ezimbini eziphambili - romanticism kunye ngokoqobo. Bobabini baye zibonisa zeziganeko zembali zeli xesha. Khumbula ukuba ngelo xesha kukho ezoshishino, evula mveliso, ukwakha zikaloliwe njalo njalo. Ngelo xesha, kukho i-French Revolution, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni wombhodamo kwaye kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ezi zinto, Kakade ke, kuncwadi, oko ngokupheleleyo indawo ezahlukeneyo: Romanticism lifuna ubalekele iqiniso kwaye ukudala ihlabathi eligqibeleleyo; ngokoqobo - ukuhlalutya kwenzeka ntoni uze uzame ukutshintsha ndlela leyinene.

Romanticism evelayo ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha, kuxhaphaka ngoku lixesha phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Kodwa ngokoqobo, nto leyo eyenzeka kuphela kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane luya lusiba nochatha. ulwalathiso olusengqiqweni ephuma ngokoqobo kwaye uthi ngokwalo kwiminyaka emalunga 30-40.

okuchithwa ukuthandwa ngenxa yokuqhelaniswa zayo kwezentlalo, nto leyo eye kufunwa luluntu ngelo xesha.

Uncwadi kwinkulungwane yama-20 Russia

inkqubo yokuloba 20. Sinzima kunene, olunzulu ingacaci, ingakumbi iRashiya. Oku kubangelwa, ikakhulu, ukuba uncwadi emigre. Ababhali abaye Wagxothwa kwilizwe lawo emva kokuba revolution 1917, waqhubeka nokubhala ngokubanzi, iqhubheka izithethe zoncwadi kwangaphambili. Kodwa yintoni eyenzekayo eRashiya? Apha ezahlukeneyo motley imikhwa notyekelo, ekuthiwa Silver Age, ngenkani wahlehla ukuya ngokoqobo ebizwa njalo-yobusoshiyali. Kwaye bonke ozama ukuba kude ababhali kwakhe ngenkohlakalo zinganakwa. Noko ke, imisebenzi wadala kodwa ashicilelwe. Phakathi kwezi ababhali - Akhmatova, Zoshchenko, ukusuka kamva ababhali abachasi -. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Benedict Erofeev, njl nganye kwezi ababhali uyaqhubeka isithethe zoncwadi kwenkulungwane yama-20, phambi kokuba ukufika ngokoqobo yali. Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kule nkalo umsebenzi "Moscow - Petushki" ebhalwe ngu V. Yerofeyev ngo-1970 ze yapapashwa kwi-West. Lo mbongo - omnye weyona mizekelo zokuqala iincwadi postmodern.

De kube sekupheleni yiSoviet Union phantse akukho imveliso eziprintiweyo, akazalani ngokoqobo lwentlalo. Noko ke, emva kokuba ukuwa kwamandla iqala ngokoqobo dawn incwadi nokupapasha. Ipapashwe ngu- konke kubhaliweyo kule nkulungwane yama-20, kodwa esalelweyo. Kukho ababhali ezintsha abaqhubekayo isithethe kwiincwadi Silver Age, lo umlomo angaphandle.

uncwadi Western kwenkulungwane yama-20

inkqubo Western zoncwadi kwinkulungwane yama-20 iphawulwa uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo iziganeko zembali, ingakumbi iimfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala neyesibini. Ezi ziganeko bothuka kakhulu Europe.

Xa uncwadi kwenkulungwane yama-20 kukho iindawo ezimbini ezinkulu - kwimpucuko kunye postmodernism (iminyaka engama-70 apho). Iqela lokuqala luquka enjalo ngoku ebomini, expressionism, kwemiYalezo. Xa oku kwimpucuko yi kakhulu ngokucacileyo kwaye ngokunzima yaphuhliswa kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-20, emva koko ngokuthe ngcembe ukunika emhlabeni ukuze postmodernism.

isiphelo

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo zoncwadi - indibanisela ntsingiselo, imiyalelo, kunye nemisebenzi ngababhali zeziganeko zembali kuphuhliso lwabo. Olungenasiphelo lumalunga ncwadi yenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuba luhlobo luni na imithetho ukuba ukho yaye yintoni eziphembelela zazivelela yayo. Ukuqala inkqubo boncwadi ekunokuthiwa umsebenzi wokuqala owadalwa uluntu, kwaye ukuphela kwayo kuya kuza kuphela xa befile abaphili.