Yintoni kwilizwekazi sisemazantsi ehlabathini

Ukuba ucela abantu ezilikhulu: "Yintoni na kwilizwekazi sisemazantsi kwi planethi", ekunene, yeha, ube nako na ukuphendula bonke. Ukuba silahle konke amathandabuzo kwabo bangamaziyo impendulo yalo mbuzo, isicelo ngoko nangoko, ukuba kwilizwekazi emazantsi yi Antarctica. Kuye kwavulwa yi zakutshanje ze amazwekazi komhlaba.

In search of Antarctica

I zokuma nabakhenkethi bamandulo kurhanelwa ukuba ikhweyitha wasezantsi kufuneka njengezwekazi enkulu. Ngethuba ukufuna kwakhe Australia kutyhileke, leyo kudala ingqalelo yinxalenye yeli lizwekazi. Kamva, yena eqhelene siqithi kufuphi Antarctica. Kudala phambi kokuba Umqala wamantla ayo abeke phambili yeengcinga ezininzi malunga ubukho kwilizwe elithile eMzantsi. Ukuze ufumane athumela amaphulo amaninzi, hlolo olo lunokukhangela izinto iziqithi ezinkulu kuphela macala lizwekazi, kodwa nemisinga ixesha elide akakwazanga ukufumana. Xa isifundo New Zealand James Cook kwafunyaniswa ukuba akukho kwingqikelelo lencinibakazi izwekazi esemazantsi.

Le lizwekazi sisemazantsi ehlabathini wavula uhambo Russian ikhokelwa ngu F. F.Bellinsgauzena January 28, 1820. Ngo-1831-33, i-wamazwe IsiNgesi George. Biscoe wadlula Antarctica. Ngasekupheleni ngomkhombe ngenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya Antarctica kuqaliswe ngenxa iimfuno ezandayo of whaling. Ekupheleni kwale XIX kwinkulungwane ukuya kunxweme ngumkhenkce yezwe wahamba amaphulo amaninzi: Norwegian, Scottish kunye yaseBelgium.

Kwiminyaka 1898-99 Borchgrevink wachitha ubusika yokuqala nezwekazi emazantsi (Cape Adare). Ngeli xesha, ukuba bakwazi ukuhlalutya imozulu kunye namanzi onxweme. Emva koko wagqiba ekubeni emhlabeni ukuze phonononga iimpawu zayo.

Ukuvulwa kwinkulungwane yama-20

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, isifundo yembombo yakhe yabanda ehlabathini okuqhubekayo. Ngowe-1901-04 xa uhambo kwilizwekazi esemazantsi (photo ungabona ngokucacileyo ngezantsi) enziwa R. Scott. inqanawa yakhe "ukuFumaneka kweFidi" ufikile kunxweme loLwandle Ross. Ngenxa hambo Peninsula Edward kunye Ross Ice yavulwa. Kwakhona Scott wakwazi ukuqokelela idatha kwi yokwakheka komhlaba, izimbiwa, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zonke Antarctica.

Kwiminyaka 1907-09 i IsiNgesi wamazwe Shackleton wayefuna ukuba bafumane ebusika kwi-South Pole, evula indlela enye umkhenkce ezinkulu - Beardmore Glacier. Kodwa ngenxa ngenxa yokushiywa lwezinja ebusika kunye mahashe kwakufuneka babuye umva phambi kokuba afikelele kwipali km 178.

Eyokuqala owaba nako ukufikelela i-South Pole, yaba umkhenkethi polar Norwegian R. Amundsen (Disemba 1911). kamva ukuya North Pole nje inyanga kwafika iqela ikhokelwa ngu Scott. Noko ke, endleleni eya emva, phambi kokuba afikelele km 18 ukuya kweminquba yabo kwisiseko, hambo ngamandla alo, boba batshabalele. imizimba yawo iidayari bafumana kweenyanga-8 kuphela kamva.

igalelo elikhulu ukufundisisa Antarctica wenze i komhlaba Australian D. Mawson, yena izotywe kwama-200 izinto geographical (umhlaba, Princess Elizabeth, uKumkanikazi Mary, Mac Robertson kunye nabanye).

Ngowe-1928, kwilizwekazi sisemazantsi ehlabathini-moya, wahambela American wamazwe polar pilot R. Baird. Ukususela 1928 ukuya 1947, phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, amaphulo-4 bathwalwa ngaphandle, nto leyo ikhokelele imisebenzi kwi obuphethelene, namatye neeminerali kunye nezinye izifundo. Iinzululwazi elahliwe Antarctica na imali enkulu amalahle.

izitishi zophando

Kwiminyaka 40-50 kweli lizwekazi enomkhenkce aqalile ukudala isikhululo uphando kunye nesiseko for Research Coastal. Ngeli xesha izikhululo okusekelwe-60 ezivela kumazwe le-11.

Ekubeni 50 ubudala 'kwiilwandle bayenzayo nemisinga, ngokusebenzayo eqhuba umsebenzi yolwandle, kwenziwa uphando yesimo kwizikhululo zokubhala njengezwekazi, waqhuba uhambo emhlabeni. Ngowe-1959 ukuba asayina isivumelwano samazwe Antarctica, nto leyo eye yabangela ukuba isifundo ngumkhenkce lizwekazi. Ngowe-1965 waba wavula "Mirny" Soviet Observatory. Kumgama we-1400 km ukusuka elunxwemeni eyasekwayo kwesinye isikhululo uphando USSR - "East". "Various", "Novolazarevskaya", "Komsomolskaya" thabatha 88.3 C, kwaye komndilili weqondo lobushushu Agasti kulo mmandla thabatha 71 C. Kamva Antarctica kumzantsi izwekazi eSoviet othe izikhululo ezininzi - ukuba irekhodi kubushushu obuphantsi yabhalwa kwindawo yesikhululo , "Leningrad", "Youth." Ke kaloku, ngomhla kwipali eqhaqhazelisa ngonyaka wathumela emsebenzini ezahlukeneyo.

Iimpawu yezwekazi

lizwekazi abanda ubuxoki ngokupheleleyo kuloo mmandla osemazantsi, ibizwa ngokuba yi-Antarctic (ukusuka Greek "anti" lithetha "nxamnye"), oko kukuthi, echasene ndawo kumntla Umhlaba - i-Arctic.

Yeyiphi zwekazi liye uququzelelo? Kwilizwekazi sisemazantsi na degrees 48-60 Yu.Sh. indawo yayo ice ezishelfini - 13 975 000 square metres. m. SIZE nendawo engekho nzulu lizwekazi 16.355 macala onke. m. M. Incam kakhulu wasentla - Cape Sifre, oko elide kakhulu yaye emxinwa, kukunaba kwicala Umzantsi Melika.

mpumalanga Centre ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuba "pole nokungafumaneki", oko isendaweni 660 km ukusuka South Pole. Ubude elunxwemeni -. 30 thous Km.

ukukhululeka

Siyaqhubeka ukufunda kwilizwekazi abandayo iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Kwilizwekazi sisemazantsi yahlulwe imimandla emibini: nengcambu ngumkhenkce. Owayamene of Antarctica ekuhlala ihewu glacial ukuthi isuka kummandla ongaphandle yezwe kwi tyaba, yaye emva koko kwi ethambekeni lihlangana. Kunzima kakhulu yokubona imimandla yaselunxwemeni: iindawo enye wetshati ice kunye iintanda namathafa omkhulu iishelfu umkhenkce apho ungabona komkhenkce. Antarctica - ayikho kuphela kwilizwekazi wasezantsi ezininzi zomhlaba, kodwa enyangweni. I-avareji ukuphakama phezu - 2040 m, eseyiphantse kathathu ngaphezu ukuphakama kulingano lwezinye amazwekazi.

Umahluko mphandle iqatshelwe inxalenye eMpuma naseNtshona belizwekazi. East Antarctica - oko sheet ngumkhenkce, leyo uya unyuka evela unxweme kwelizwe kuba kucace. Ummandla engundlunkulu kwithafa ukuba ukufikelela 4000 m, loo nto ithathwa umkhenkce umsantsa. E West Antarctica na iziko ezintathu glaciation nge ekuphakameni 2.5 amawaka. Zokulinganisa. Ngaselunxwemeni yolula kumathafa ice ezishelifini. Iintaba aphezulu: Kerpatrik (4530 m) kunye Sentinel (5140 m).

minerals

Ufuna ukuba ufunde inkcazelo engakumbi malunga nemisinga? Kwilizwekazi sisemazantsi inee- iidipozithi yentsimbi ekrwada, amalahle, mifanekiso, crystal eweni, igolide, uranium, ikopolo, mica, isiliva. Kodwa ke, ukwenza imisebenzi imigodi kunzima ngenxa iqhwa enamandla. Kodwa nayiphi na imeko ithemba ongaphantsi Antarctic ziphezulu kakhulu.

sezulu

Imozulu yi lizwekazi ezibandayo ezibandayo kunye nezelizwekazi. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ubusuku polar e Antarctica ithatha iinyanga eziliqela, idosi yonyaka iyonke radiation cishe lilingane parameters radiation kwindawo zemvula.

Yintoni kwilizwekazi sisemazantsi, Sofunyanwa. Kodwa ke nangona kwindawo yayo kwi-ikhweyitha emazantsi, kulapha ukuba kukho ipali abandayo olwandlwe lwe-mhlaba. Ngowe-1960, "Vostok" isikhululo sabhalwa ubushushu - 88.3 C. I-avareji lobushushu yasebusika - ukusuka - 60 C - 70 C, yaye ehlotyeni - ukususela -30 C ukuya -50 C. Kufutshane ithemometha yonxweme aliveli ngaphezu degrees 10-12. Ebusika kwi elunxwemeni malunga - 8 C. Abantu umoya obandayo bebekelwa kwimimandla umbindi Antarctica, ukudala umoya katabatic, ezo kude nonxweme ukufikelela ngezantya eziphakamileyo kakhulu, ngokufuthi bade ijike ibe inkanyamba. Umbilo kwenzeka kunqabile kwaye kuphela ngohlobo ikhephu. Ukufuma - hayi ngaphezulu kwe-5%.

Enezityalo nezilwanyana

Kwakungqina ukuba kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo kule nezwekazi ebusika obungunaphakade. Kwaba uyafudumala, imilambo namachibi musa ngumkhenkce. Noko ke, ngoku, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kule ngingqi nto ezahlukeneyo. Nohlaza Antarctica - ulele ulele blue-eluhlaza ubulembu. Izilwanyana apha zifumaneka inyakanyaka enamaphiko, iintlanzi amatsha, ezincancisayo ezisentlabathini. Kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni, yoonombombiya yokwakha, skuas, petrels, uphile elwandle amatywina nengwe namatywina.

umzantsi Melika

Ukuba uyakholwa ukuba Umzantsi Melika - nezwekazi wasezantsi, ke wena engalunganga. Le ise-Afrika eseMazantsi e- Northern saseNtla. Ilizwekazi elidityaniswe Intshona Melika yi-Isthmus Panama, ngasempuma yi-Atlantic Ocean kunye ngasentshonalanga - i-Pacific. indawo yayo - million 17.8 square metres. km. (The lizwekazi wesine ngobukhulu). Singene 13% yomhlaba. Ubude Umzantsi Melika ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi - 7350 km, ukusuka empuma kuye entshona - malunga 4900 km.

Ilizwekazi yahlulwe nakwimimandla ngokwezelizwe 6:

1. inkqubo ntaba Andes (ihamba yonke ubude kunxweme olusentshona).
2. sezulu saseBrazil Guiana
3. Pool Orinoco (ezisezantsi zogqunyelelwe isabelo phakathi Guiana yasethafeni, Venezuela Andes).
4. nelezihlambo Amazon (isusela eentaba i Andes ukuya Atlantic Ocean).
5. Ezinkqantosini Paraguay, Bolivia kunye Pampa Chaco.
6. Patagonia ithafa.

Esi sixeko sikhulu kakhulu ngabantu Umzantsi Melika: Santiago, Buenos Aires, Lima, Sao Paulo, Bogota, Rio de Janeiro, Caracas.

izwekazi edlulileyo

Yintoni kwilizwekazi wasezantsi ixesha elide elwela inkululeko yabo? Ngenkulungwane ye-16, Umzantsi Melika waye loni yi baseSpeyin. I-Dutch, i isiPhuthukezi, amaBritane baba ngakumbi esebenzayo kuphela mpuma. Kangangexesha elide, isabelo yengonyama belizwekazi yaba ngummandla lwangaphesheya uBukhosi Spanish. Ukukhululwa evela Protectorate Spanish kwenzeka kwinkulungwane ye-19 ngenxa imfazwe yegazi geqe. In Abase Umzantsi Melika na umxube wamaNdiya, lo, ezinye iintlanga Spanish aseYurophu nawaseMntla Melika.

Uninzi lithi akhiwe kwi wanyamalala luphawulwa kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho buthathaka. Noko ke, abanye babo ezaziwayo amagunya enamandla mveliso.

Australia

South wase-Australia yi malunga ne-5% of phezu komhlaba. Kanye Antarctica, oko kuxhomekeke kwi-Southern saseNtla. Idla ngokuba "kwilizwekazi green". Area nemisinga - 7.659.861 macala onke. km. Ibanga ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi - 3700 km, kwaye ukusuka empuma kuye entshona - malunga 4000 km. Unxweme - 35 877 km. kunxweme weentaba kwilizwekazi kunokuba olungalinganiyo. Le ndawo encopho - unxweme olusemazantsi kunye wasentla.

Australia kwesifo yi Indian kunye Pacific le Oceans, kwakunye elwandle: Tasman, Ukuphupha kunye Timor. Kufuphi nezwekazi i isiqithi Tasmania, kwakunye kwisiqithi New Guinea. Elunxwemeni osempuma is a unique Great Barrier Reef (xitsunga lezixhobo neziqithi, ubude bayo ngu 2300 km). Phakathi kunxweme Australia kunye Barrier Reef ekuthiwa-Big Lagoon, kunye ubunzulu 100 m, lukhuselwe kakuhle ukusuka amaza olwandle.

sezulu

Ngoku makhe sikhangele imozulu amazwekazi emazantsi, kwaye kweziganeko Australia. Phantse kwezine-ezintathu nommandla wayo kuhlala koozintlango, ebuntlangorha. iindawo Northern e efudumeleyo, emazantsi-ntshona inxalenye yemozulu lweMeditera, nakwelasezantsi-empumalanga kwisiqithi Tasmania - ngokulinganisela.

Yintoni na thina apha ekugqibeleni? Yintoni kwilizwekazi sisemazantsi? Ngoku ngokukhuselekileyo uthi ukuba kuyabanda kwaye kuko Antarctica. Australia, kakhulu, kuxhomekeke kwi-Southern saseNtla, kodwa umgama ukusuka amazwekazi kwilizwekazi enomkhenkce yi amawaka aliqela leekhilomitha.