Yintoni polyploidy? Yiyiphi indima uyayixhasa esimalunga nokhetho indalo

Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufunda polyploidy. Siza kujonga indima idlala. Kwakhona uya kufunda ntoni na iintlobo polyploidy.

polyploids Education

Kuqala kwinto zonke, sixelele ngento ukuthini eli lizwi umangalisayo. Iiseli okanye abantu iiseti ngaphezu ezimbini zofuzo zibizwa ngokuba polyploids. iiseli Polyploid nge frequency esezantsi zibangelwa "iimpazamo" mitosis. Oku kwenzeka xa wabahlula zofuzo, kunye cytokinesis kwenzeka. Ngoko iiseli ukuze kuyilwa kwe kabini inani zofuzo (diploids). Ukuba ke edlula interphase, uya kwabelana, oko kunokubangela (ngokwesondo okanye asexually) abantu abatsha abo iiseli ziya kuba zofuzo kabini ezininzi ngaphezu nabazali babo. Ngako oko, inkqubo ukubunjwa - oko kukuthi polyploidy. Izityalo Polyploid ingaveliselwa ngokuzenzela usebenzisa colchicine - alkaloid abathintela lokusekwa yokusonta mitotic ngokuthi ngokutyeshelwa microtubule Ukwakheka.

izakhiwo polyploids

Ezi hexa zityalo kudla ayemxinwa kakhulu kunolo diploid ezinxulumene, kuba isakhi ngasinye imelwe kubo ubuncinane kabini inani. Phezu cleavage le homozygous inzala ethile sofuzo bakha kuphela 1/16 endaweni 1/4 ngo diploids. (Kuzo zombini iimeko Kuthathwa ngokuba nezihlandlo alleles sofuzo ngu 0,50.) Selfing Polyploidy abayinqobo kuye, ngakumbi anciphise ukungabikho kozinzo zabo, nakubeni diploids zabo ezinxulumene advantageously unomsindo sukube.

Apho kukho polyploids

Ngoko ke, siye wawuphendula lo mbuzo, yintoni na polyploidy. Kodwa nalapho kukho ezinjalo izityalo?

Ezinye polyploids afunda ngayo ngcono ukuba iindawo ezomileyo okanye ubushushu lingaphantsi ifom eyintsusa diploid, lo gama ezinye ezifaneleke ngcono ntlobo zemihlaba ethile. Ngenxa yoku, ukuba bahlale ezindaweni neemeko ezigqithisileyo bobukho, apho ookhokho babo diploid mhlawumbi wayeza kufa. Nge frequency amancinane kwenzeka kwimiphakathi emininzi yendalo. Bona alula ngaphezu diploids esihambelanayo, weza outbreeding. Kulo mzekelo, ngokukhawuleza njengoko kuveliswa nzalo echumayo. Ngaphantsi imvelaphi polyploids gqith ezenziwa kabini inani zofuzo a ngxilimbela diploid abawaziyo. Le yenye yeendlela plodovistosti achache.

Kwimeko yokuqala ukubhalwa polyploidy

Ngoko ke, ngaphantsi eziqhelekileyo, ngenxa ngxilimbela polyploid wabumba phakathi radish nekhaphetshu. Oku kwakunjalo lokuqala kakuhle ukubhalwa polyploidy. Zombini kwisizukulwana kuba usapho crucifers kwaye ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo. Xa iiseli somatic , kunye neendidi bobabini zofuzo ngu 18, kwaye metaphase lokuqala meiotic 9 usoloko bekubona izibini zofuzo. Kunye nobunzima, yayifunyenwe hybrid phakathi ezi zityalo. Xa meiosis, sase 18 zofuzo unpaired (9 no-9 ukususela isithombo evela zekhaphetshu) kwaye nokuphepha ngokupheleleyo. Phakathi kwezi zityalo hybrid polyploidy ngokuzenzekelayo 'ukusekwa, apho kwizisele somatic yaba zofuzo 36 ngexesha meiosis kwaye rhoqo kwasekwa izibini-18. Ngamanye amazwi, gqith polyploid bonke 18 zofuzo nje isithombo, nekhaphetshu kwaye esebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. Le hybrid kwakunzima awuzali.

Polyploids-ukhula

kuvela Abanye polyploids ezifana nokhula entsimini enxulumene nemisebenzi yabantu, yaye ngamanye amaxesha baye baphumelela babeya kuphumelela. Omnye umzekelo ezaziwayo-kakuhle - abemi imigxobhozo ityiwa sodidi Spartina. uhlobo olunye, S. Maritima (iboniswe ngezantsi), ufumaneka imigxobhozo egudle emideni Europe kunye Afrika. Olunye uhlobo, S. alterniflora, Ndaziswa UK esempuma nakuMntla Melika malunga 1800 yaye kamva saa ngokubanzi, ukwakha ithanga enkulu zendawo.

ingqolowa

Enye amaqela ezona zibalulekileyo polyploid kungathathwa uhlobo Triticum ingqolowa (eliboniswe ngezantsi). Olona hlobo isityalo ehlabathini okuziinkozo - ingqolowa soft (T. aestivum) - uye 2n = 42. ingqolowa Soft kwakuvela ubuncinane iminyaka 8,000 eyadlulayo, mhlawumbi e Central eYurophu, ngenxa hybridization yendalo zengqolowa olinywayo, nto leyo eye 2n = 28, kunye cereal zasendle uhlobo olufanayo ukuba babe 2n = 14. ingca Wild, mhlawumbi zakhula ukhula phakathi kwengqolowa. Hybridization, yabangela ingqolowa ethambileyo, ingaba kwenzeka phakathi polyploidy Kubonakala ukususela amaxesha ngamaxesha inane zombini iintlobo yabazali.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kamsinya nje ingqolowa 42-chromosome ngemiqondiso yayo luncedo kwavela kudini yamafama yokuqala, ngoko nangoko waphawula waza ezikhethiweyo ukulima ngakumbi. Omnye ngeendlela zakhe lobuzali, 28-chromosome ingqolowa nokulinywa ngenxa yabo, kwaba ziziphumo hybridization kweentlobo ezimbini zasendle chromosome 14 isuka eMiddle East. Iintlobo zengqolowa, kunye 2n = 28, yaye ngoku kuqhubeka ulinywe kunye 42-chromosome. chromosome loo ingqolowa 28 umthombo ongundoqo ingqolowa ekuveliseni i-pasta ngenxa adhesiveness eliphezulu protini. Apha indima edlalwe yi polyploidy.

Triticosecale

Uphando lwakutshanje luye lwabonisa ukuba imigca ezintsha ezifunyenwe yi hybridization unako ukuphucula imveliso yezolimo. Polyploidy yezityalo lokuvelisa isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kakhulu. Ingakumbi uthembisa Triticosecale - iqela gqith ezenziwe ngabantu phakathi ingqolowa (Triticum) kunye nespelete (Secale). Abanye babo, edibanisa isivuno ingqolowa rye ruggedness, umhlwa iyizinzise yomgama - izifo, ibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo. zibaluleke nangakumbi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo-ezinobude ekweleenjiko kunye efudumeleyo, apho umhlwa Ezi iipropati - engundoqo factor umda ukulinywa ingqolowa. Triticosecale ngoku ikhule ngomlinganiselo omkhulu yaye ethandwa kakhulu eFransi kunye namanye amazwe. Eyona idumileyo umgca 42-chromosome yale wokudla. Yayifunyenwe kabini inani zofuzo emva hybridization of chromosome 28 rye, chromosomal-14 zengqolowa.

Ukwahluka of polyploids

Kwindalo, nanzo ezithathwe phantsi kweempembelelo iimeko zangaphandle, kungekhona ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. imbonakalo yazo - yenye yeendlela ezibaluleke kakhulu yendaleko. Kule mihla abantu abaninzi polyploid amelweyo flora ehlabathini (ngaphezu kwesiqingatha zonke iintlobo zezityalo). Phakathi kwazo kukho ezininzi izityalo ibalulekileyo - hayi nje ingqolowa, kodwa umqhaphu, ummoba, banana, itapile kajongilanga. Kolu luhlu kungongezwa iintyatyambo ezininzi ezintle umyezo - chrysanthemums, pansies, dahlia.

Ngoku ukuba oko polyploidy uyazi. indima yakhe kwezolimo, njengokuba ubona, iphezulu kakhulu.