Ukusetyenziswa irabha amayeza kunye noshishino. Ukusetyenziswa irabha yendalo: Imizekelo

Ngerabha yi ulungelelwaniso amacandelo wayo ophambili yekhabhoni hydrogen. Fumana ngaphandle kwezityalo enemithi okhethekileyo, wayesoloko ebizwa iirubber. Ezi abameli izilwanyana eziyinzalelwane le ndawo. amalungu zabo (iziqhamo, amagqabi, amasebe, isiqu, iingcambu) ziqulathe latex. Lo asinguye incindi ulwelo njengamasi, zezityalo, izazinzulu kwamathandabuzo Okukodwa ngokubaluleka kwalo ubomi umzimba izityalo. It latex ngexesha coagulation wafumana ubunzima esiqinileyo ilastiki, nto leyo irabha yendalo nezendalo.

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa irabha zendalo

Igalelo Hristofora Kolumba kuphuhliso impucuko ihlabathi ayiphelelanga kumhlaba kwesayensi enkulu. Yaba inqanawa wakhe, igosa lezomthetho ukuya kwisiqithi saseHispaniola ngo-1493, wathabatha eSpeyin, imveliso yokuqala ngerabha. Yaba ibhola yirabha bouncy, apho basekuhlaleni yenziwa incindi yemithi zerabha - izityalo ezifumaneka kwi kweenxweme Amazon. Njengoko amaNdiya ngolangazelelo bephosa into emangalisayo, nto leyo efikelela emhlabeni, yaye bounced, njengokuba ephilayo, ngathi ukwenza ngokutsiba, abantu baseSpeyin ayizange wothuka kakhulu. Emva ezama ukubamba ibhola bouncy, bafika kwisigqibo sokuba kunzima ngokwaneleyo, nkqu olibazele indlebe stickiness yayo kunye nevumba uphawu yomsi.

Ukusetyenziswa irabha ukusuka amaNdiya ayikho alinganiselwe kangaka. izizwe Local ukudlalwa kuphela ibhola, kodwa wayisebenzisa kwimisitho ezahlukeneyo zenkolo. Kwaye ke kwincindi yomthi, yayifunyenwe ivela kuyo, njengengcwele, waza wayibiza ngokuba "imveliso yerabha", gama elo elithetha "iinyembezi umthi."

Phakathi yokufuna ulwazi Bamthwala Columbus eSpeyin, kwakukho lo ibhola ingaqhelekanga. Waqala oko kwimbali ukusetyenziswa ngerabha.

Imizamo yokuqala ukusebenzisa

Kodwa baseYurophu Alikho ingqalelo eyaneleyo kwi wonder kwamaNdiya. Kwaye ukuba kwinkulungwane XVIII akazange acinge ngendlela ebanzi eyahlukeneyo kwenkululeko ngerabha. Kuphela xa amalungu kwiphulo French atyelele amahlathi ashinyeneyo yoMzantsi Merika, yena uya kwaziswa kwakhona eYurophu, sahlawula ingqalelo kuye. wafika Of nokuba nomdla ngakumbi xa Isazinzulu French S. Condamine, ethetha iNdibano yesiZwe Paris Academy of Sciences, wabonisa iisampuli weli, wabonisa ngeendlela izicelo kunokwenzeka kunye iimveliso ezenziwe kwalo.

ebanzi ukusetyenziswa irabha zendalo eYurophu uqale ngabo 1770, xa athe wabonakala se entsha ezikolweni - gummilastik, eyasetyenziswa ukususa imigca ipensile.

Waza waqala i uphendlo esebenzayo kwimimandla lokusetyenziswa iirubber kunokwenzeka. Kuyinto kwixesha braces loMgangato kunye imisonto irabha. A Umsunguli Scottish Charles Macintosh thelekelwayo kwacaba umaleko obhityileyo iirubber phakathi maleko amabini, ngaloo ndlela ngokufumana ilaphu manzi. Le nto yaba izambatho ithandwa crazy got igama lawo umsunguli. Babizwa ngokuba Mac.

Kokuwa kushishino ngerabha i

amalinge okuqala ukuphucula imveliso izihlangu manzi ayiphumelelanga. Galoshes, nangona ziye kakhulu soyis'ingqondo ixesha elifutshane, kodwa ukuba nokusebenziseka ayikho ezahlukeneyo. Engqeleni, ukuze ivale, kodwa bubushushu sele ndiyilibele wanika off ivumba elibi.

Nabasunguli yenzondelelo ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Kwenye Kuloo minyaka kwiindawo ezininzi eYurophu ehlotyeni ashushu kakhulu. Phantsi yempembelelo iimveliso ubushushu kushishino eliphezulu irabha wajika mass embi-elimnandi. Onke amashishini lolu shishino ngoko zawa.

Ukuvulwa Charles Kumho

Kwaye akukho mntu ange wacinga malunga galoshes and Mac, ukuba kungabi ngenxa yokuzinga the American Charles Kumho. Uye enikelwe ekufumaneni iindlela ekudalweni izinto yerabha elungileyo iminyaka emininzi.

Kumho wachitha ixesha elininzi abantu balinge, ukuxuba irabha kunye phantse wonke. Wongezelela wathi kuwo, netyuwa, nepepile, nesanti, yaye isuphu. Ukuba udle konke imali yakhe negunya, umqambi sele ndililahle ithemba. Kodwa imizamo yakhe isithsaba impumelelo kodwa. Ukongeza i-sulphur compound, kufumaniseka ukuba amandla kunye luthambe, nokuphucuka uzinzo thermal.

Ngenxa yoko, wakwazi ukuphucula ngerabha. Izakhiwo kunye Izicelo uqhagamshelwano entsha kwakhona yaba into yokufunda benzululwazi kunye mveliso. impahla Kumho kubangela ngoku kubiza irabha, kwaye inkqubo apho yakuba ifumanekile - vulcanizing le ngerabha.

I rubber boom

Emva indawo ivuso sisazinzulu happy wawa unikeza ezininzi ukuthenga igunya lokwenza izinto fyabo. Ukusetyenziswa irabha ukuze imveliso iirubber iye yaba kakhulu. Ngenxa yoku, phantse onke amazwe siqale sijonge iindlela kulinywe kummandla wabo emithi zerabha. Kulo mba, eyona ubenethamsanqa Brazil, kuba leyo yayiyeyona umnini zabelo omkhulu izityalo ezifana oko urhulumente. urhulumente Brazil ithe nentywenka umgudu ukuze ahlale bodwa kule ndawo, kuyathintelwa ukuthunyelwa imbewu abatsha imithi nezityalo zerabha. Ngokuba lo mthetho isigwebo sokufa bacule.

Kodwa eliNgesi Vikgem ukuba indlela hlola, wakwazi ukuya kweenxweme Amazon, apho atsalwa ngokufihlakeleyo kwaye athunyelwe kwi-UK 70,000 iimbewu zerabha umthi. Kwaye nangona abalimi bobulali nangoko kokuvula kummandla kwimozulu eyahlukileyo yokutyala izityalo ashinyeneyo, ngenxa yemizamo yabo emva kwexesha gqi kwimarike engabizi sokuhlanganisa IsiNgesi efikelelekayo.

Ngelo xesha, ukusetyenziswa irabha zendalo kuye wonke kangangokuba imali iirubber liye ngaphaya 100 000. yasungulwa ukuveliswa inani elikhulu yeemveliso ezintsha: amabhanti okuhambisa kunye yokugquma, 'gum "kuba ilinen, izihlangu irabha, iibhaluni abantwana njalo-njalo. . Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa engundoqo irabha zendalo iye yanxulunyaniswa kwishishini lweemoto xa yokuqala isithuthi-kwemoto, kwaye ke amavili.

Ukusetyenziswa irabha kunye irabha kwilizwe lethu ixesha elide ngokusekelwe imveliso yabo izinto kwamanye amazwe ekrwada. Kuphela xa bafumana Dandelions ku Kazakhstan, neengcambu eziqulathe irabha, iimveliso yerabha yokuqala ukusuka izinto zasekhaya. Kodwa inkqubo kanye ethatha ixesha elide, njengoko ukhetho yerabha lweengcambu edandelion kuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu ngenxa eyavela ephantsi (16-28%).

Ukulungiswa irabha zokwenziwa

imithombo yendalo irabha yendalo lingenako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ephakamileyo kwabemi iimpahla ezenziwe kulo mbandela. Ngoku ngezinga elikhulu na imveliso zerabha zokwenziwa.

SV Lebedev ngo-1910 okokuqala wafumana irabha zokwenziwa. Izinto ekuveliseni butadiene zabelwa ukusuka ethanol. Kamva, ngokwenza polymerization reaction usebenzisa ebuntsimbi sodium kwathengwa zerabha butadiene zokwenziwa.

Imveliso Industrial iirubber zokwenziwa

Ngowe-1925, SV Lebedev ndizibeke umsebenzi lokufumana indlela woshishino Yindibanisela ngerabha. ukuba isonjululwe kwiminyaka emibini ngempumelelo. indlela Laboratory kuqala ezimbalwa Kilo yerabha zaye kuhlelwe. It Lebedev waqalisa ukufunda iimpawu irabha, kunye zokupheka nokuphuhlisa ukucatshulwa iimpahla yabathengi kuyimfuneko.

Kwaye kule minyaka ilandelayo ukusetyenziswa iirubber yaba injongo ebalulekileyo S. V. Lebedeva. Kwaba ngendlela yakhe ukutyala yokuqala yehlabathi evelisa le nto yayifunyenwe nebhetshi yokuqala yale ekufanisweni isikali mveliso.

Kweli thuba ukususela 1932 ukuya 1990, eSoviet Union iye phambili ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso kolu shishino. Ukusetyenziswa irabha zokwenziwa kunokwenzeka ukwandisa uluhlu lweemveliso zobugcisa irabha, ngokukodwa: iimveliso ezenziwe irabha ethambileyo, ekuncothukeni kweentende zeenyawo zezihlangu, iityhubhu ezahlukeneyo kunye namathumbu, sealants kunye yokuncamathelisa, iipeyinti kunye nezinye izikhuseli-based.

Synthetic irabha: Properties kunye Izicelo

Ngoku ke uluhlu irabha eyenziweyo yandiswe ngokubonakalayo xa kuthelekiswa ngeqosha lwekhulu XX. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kusenokuba iipropati Ukwakhiwa iikhemikhali kunye nomthengi ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ukuhlelwa irabha eyenziweyo ngokusekelwe umahluko monomers ezisetyenziswa elungiselela yayo. Ngoko ke, kukho isoprene, butadiene, chloroprene kunye nezinye iintlobo. Ngokutsho komnye yokuhlela, rubbers ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi kuxhomekeke amaqela uphawu athom ukuba ziqukiwe ukwakhiwa kwawo. Umzekelo, esaziwa iintlobo polysulfide, rubbers abicah kunye like. D.

Indlela ephambili ukuvelisa irabha eyenziweyo - le polymerization of zikaDienes kunye alkenes. Eyona monomers zixhaphakileyo kulo mzekelo ingabizwa butadiene, isoprene, ethylene, acrylonitrile kunye nabanye.

Ezinye iintlobo polysulfide, lyu irabha evela yokusabela amafu.

Rubbers yenjongo jikelele kunye ezizodwa

Ngokuhambelana kunye namasimi isicelo rubbers lungohlulwa lube izinto injongo jikelele kunye ezizodwa. Abameli iqela lokuqala kufuneka ukuhlanganiswa iipropati ezenza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa kwabo ukwenziwa kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo, iimpawu elastic kufuneka kwenzeke kwiqondo lobushushu zesiqhelo. Kodwa ke ukusetyenziswa ekhethekileyo injongo yerabha eyenziweyo lubandakanya ukugcina mihlaba kwaye kwiimeko kakhulu, umz, phantsi kwempembelelo iqabaka nomlilo, ozone neoksijini, njalo-njalo. D.

irabha Isoprene: yesicelo

Malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku isoprene yerabha ifana kakhulu zendalo. Ngenxa yoko, uluhlu iimpawu zezi zinto kakhulu idibana.

ezingeloncedo zayo ziquka ukumelana kakuhle ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, i-ozone kwelanga ngqo. amandla eliphantsi oluhlangeneyo le irabha esekelwe phezu kwazo - yinto inkalo eyenza kube kancane isoprene irabha. isicelo kunzima ngenxa yokwanda stickiness, ukunqongophala isakhelo zidlule. Kodwa kwiimveliso monolithic ukuba musa ukuba inani elikhulu iinxalenye compound, rubbers isoprene kabanzi.

patch batik

Ukusetyenziswa irabha amayeza nayo kwenzeka. Imveliso iqhelekileyo kwi kwishishini lezonyango, ezivela ekusetyenzisweni iirubber - a band-aid. Kuyinto umxube irabha kunye kwezinto amayeza ezinxulumeneyo. Izinto eziluncedo UkuphucuIwa ezinjalo:

• ixesha elide ulondolozo tackiness;
• ukuhambelana ngemithi ezininzi;
• balo;
• lula ukusetyenziswa.

Inkqubo yemveliso ibandakanya dutywa inxaxheba 1 irabha kwiindawo 12 zepetroli. Kwaye ke kwangena isisombululo namanye amacandelo anxulumene: turpentine (kwandisa stickiness), lanolin (kuthintela okusula), zinc oxide (buthathaka ukutyabuka), iziyobisi (isiphumo enyangayo wadala).

Nokufakelwa ezenziwe ngerabha

Eneneni amanqaku irabha kubalulekile ingabizwa nokufakelwa amalungu omzimba abantu. Ukusetyenziswa irabha kwimveliso yabo yakutshanje kwaye yaba isiqalo sexesha elitsha kuphuhliso yamayeza.

ukuxilongwa tracheal ezi mathiriyeli of poliaktilatov, polysiloxanes, polyamides. intliziyo ezingezizo kunye iinxalenye zayo ezenziwe lyu kunye polioksilanov. Polyethylene kunye ezinepolypropylene izinto eziphathekayo ukuze ukuvelisa iindawo uyofaka umphimbo, kwaye Polyvinyl chloride ke yingxam engundoqo koko iye kwezinye iinxalenye kwinkqubo yokwetyisa. Iimpahla yegazi ngumntu ezenziwe polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene kunye ezinepolypropylene. Ukuze ufumane abantu abakhubazekileyo, amathambo ezintsha kunye namalungu ukunceda polyacrylates, polyamides, polyurethanes.

Ukusetyenziswa irabha kwiimveliso zoshishino

Ixabiso rubber kuqoqosho lwesizwe yeyabahlali. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa irabha endalo uhlobo layo ecocekileyo - lwepaki. Oku ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa njenge irabha. Iimveliso ezenziwe eli zokufunda zifumaneka kubomi bemihla ngemihla yonke indawo. Le yokugquma wire, kunye nokuveliswa izihlangu kunye neempahla, kunye amavili emoto, kunye nangaphezulu.

Kushishino yezihlangu le zisetyenziswa, njengoko umthetho, ezi ndidi zilandelayo iirubber: aneentunja (iyodwa), yesikhumba-ezifana (inxalenye esezantsi yezihlangu), ngaphaya (izithende).

Ukusetyenziswa irabha yendalo kunye analogue yayo eyenziwayo ngengozi chithi. Banoxanduva iimfuno ezininzi zabantu, engomnye izinto ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo.