Zonke iintlobo zama-dinosaurs ngamagama, inkcazo

Iingcali zenzululwazi zibalwe ukuba izilwanyana ezinobomi zihlala kwisiplanethi sethu malunga neminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-500, izigidi ezingama-200 zazo zibangela ukulawulwa kwezilwanyana zamandulo, ezibizwa ngokuba ngama-dinosaurs. Ngesinye isihlandlo, izilwanyana zamandulo zaziyi-crown of the creation of nature mother, kunye ne-offshoot yazo - i-dinosaurs - ngokubanzi imele ukuphakama kwazo zonke izilwanyana ezazihlala emhlabeni wethu. Zonke iintlobo zama-dinosaurs, njengeendlela zabo zobomi, zatshintshana ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kwaye ubunjani babule ubomi babo bonke utshintsho olutsha.

Ngoobani aba-paleontologists?

Ngaphambi kokuba siqonde uhlobo luni lweedinosaurs ezikhoyo kwiplanethi yethu kumaxesha ahlukeneyo, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda indlela zonke zaqala ngayo. Inzululwazi ye-paleontology isebenza ngokufundisisa ubomi, ezazalelwa kwiindawo ezikude. Igama layo livela kumazwi amathathu aseGrike: "paleos" - yamandulo, "ons" -kuba, "logos" - igama. Abantu ababandakanyekayo kule nzu lulwazi bathiwa ngama-paleontologists. Umsebenzi wabo ufana nomsebenzi wabacuphi: iziqhekeza eziqhekekileyo kunye neentsikelelo ze-paleontologists, kubalulekile ukubuyisela umfanekiso opheleleyo wee-long-pasted eras. Inendima enkulu kule nto idlalwe yi-intuition yabo kunye neengcinga kunye nokucinga.

Kwaye iinyani ezingabalulekanga zifuna uphando ngokucopheleleyo. Iipaleontologists zibaqokelela ngokubetha. Lo ngumsebenzi onzima kwaye unomsebenzi, kuba iziganeko ezininzi zexesha elidlulileyo ziye zangena ekugqibeleni, ngaphandle kokushiya enye into ematyeni. Ngombulelo kubasebenzi bala bantu ukuba sinokufunda malunga neziphi izilwanyana ezaziye zahlala kwiPlanethi yoMhlaba, ziphi iintlobo zama-dinosaurs ezikhoyo, indlela ababukeka ngayo, indlela abahlala ngayo, abo bazingelayo, ukuba babalekele njani kwiingozi ezithile. Iipaleontologists zazikwazi ukuphinda zakhiwe umfanekiso wehlabathi elijikelezayo lexesha elide lama-dinosaurs.

Kwakunjani ixesha lee-dinosaurs?

Ngokuqinisekileyo, zonke iintlobo zama-dinosaurs kunye neentlobo ezixhamlayo kuzo ngexesha lexesha elidlulileyo lezinto ezihlambulukileyo azikwazanga ukuba zininzi kwaye zixhaphake ukuba iplanethi yethu ayizange ikhule kwaye ayilunganga kakuhle. Ixesha lama-dinosaurs lihlukaniswe ngamaxesha amaninzi. Makhe sihlaziye ngokufutshane ngasinye sazo.

• Archaean. Lo ngowokuqala, ixesha lokuqala. Le yinqalo yokuqala, apho iqela elibuyiselwayo liqala khona. Ngelo xesha eMhlabeni kuphela ubomi buqala ukuphakama, ukuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezingapheliyo.
• Proterozoic. Ngeli xesha, izilwanyana ezininzi kunye nezityalo zaqala ukubonakala kwiplanethi.
• Cambrian. Kwixesha le- Cambrian, ubomi boMhlaba baqala ukuhlakulela ngokubonakalayo, i-algae kunye ne-invertebrates yamanzi.
• Ordovician. Eli xesha liphawulwe ngokubonakala kwiplanethi yezilwanyana zokuqala ze-vertebrate.
• Silur. Kwixesha leSilurian, izilwanyana ezingapheliyo kunye nezinye iintlobo zezityalo zihamba ukusuka kumhlaba ukuya emanzini.
• Devon. Eli xesha libonakala ngokubonakala kwe- gymnosperms, kunye nezilwanyana ezinjenge-amphibians, i-arachnids (izigulane, izilwanyana), inambuzane.
• ICarbon. Kuvela apha ukuba ixesha elidlulayo lezityalo zasendulo ziqala. Izidubedube ezazivela ngeli xesha, zahlula ngamasebe amathathu: i-apsid, i-synapsid, i-diapsid. Ngelo xesha, izityalo zokuqala ze-coniferous kunye nezinambuzane ezindizayo zaqala ukubonakala emhlabeni.
• Perm. Ixesha lePermian liphawulwe ngokubonakala kwezilwanyana zebhungane, iimbumbulu, i-hymenoptera, i-lizards ezincinane zokuqala kunye ne-arhosaurs yokuqala.
• Trias. Iipaleontologists zafumanisa ukuba ngelo xesha iimpukane zokuqala zaqala ukuhlala kwiplanethi yethu, ngelixa ama-amphibians endala-stegocephalus - aqala ukufa. Abameli beklasi ye-apsid nabo bafa. Ngethuba le-Triassic kwakukho iingwenya zokuqala, ii-turtles, ii-lizards ezindizayo, izilwanyana kunye nezidinosaurs.
• Yura. Ixesha leJurassic liyimpembelelo ekhethekileyo yexesha lama-dinosaurs. Kwangoku ngeli xesha i-angiosperms yavela kwiMhlaba, iiblantshi zaqala ukuphaphaza, ezinye i-amphibians zanamhlanje (iintlobo eziluhlaza ezifanayo) zivela, iintaka zamandulo (i-archeopteryx) kwaye, ke, iintlobo ezintsha zama-dinosaurs. Kwixesha leJurassic, abameli bokugqibela beklasi yama-synapsides baqala ukufa.
• UMel. Ama-Angiosperm ekugqibeleni anqoba umhlaba. Kukho iintlobo zeentsontsho zamathambo kunye nezinambuzane zegazi. Ukongezelela, ixesha leCretaceous liphela ekupheleni kwexesha elihle lezityalo ezimbiweyo: kwakungoku ngeli xesha kwakukho ukuphela kokuphela kwama-dinosaurs, izilwanyana zasemanzini, i-pterosaurs. Kwakuyixesha leCretaceous elaphawulwa yimbonakalo yezilwanyana zanamhla: iplanethi yethu yaqalisa ukunqoba izilwanyana ezinobulumko nezilumkileyo - izilwanyana ezinobungozi, i-marsupials kunye neentaka.

I-Subclass ye-apsid

Ngaphambi kokuba iplanethi yoMhlaba iqale ukuqoqa iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zama-dinosaurs, iminyaka emininzi idlulile, ijolise ekwenzeni umthi wofuzo obizwa ngokuba yi-genealogical tree of lizards. Iqela elidlulileyo kunye nelokudala libhekwa njengeklasi ye-apsid. Ngelo xesha siza kuqaphela ukuba nawuphi na ummeleli weli qela akazange aphile kulolu hlobo okanye olo hlobo kuze kube ngoku. Ukugqibela okuxhambileyo kwafa malunga nama-200 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo. Kwenzeke kwixesha leTriassic.

Icandelo le-synapsid

Ukusuka kwingcambu ye-apsid, i-second branch branch of future dinosaurs, i-synapsid, yahlukana. Kule klasi yakudala yayiyizinyanya zezilwanyana. Kodwa babesele banqwenela ukungena ekugqibeleni. Ngoko, ngelishwa, kwaye ungaboni i-dayday of yabo inzala - izilwanyana ezilwanyana zanamhlanje, esiphila ngazo-abantu. Kwenzeke kwixesha leJurassic.

I-Subclass of diapsids

Kamva kamva i-synapse ukusuka kwisiseko se-trunk yamandulo yahlula i-yesebe yesebe. Ubuxoki balo obuyingqayizivele kwinto yokuba kwakuyi-subclass ye-diapsids eyahlula ngamasebe amabini-i-arhosaurs kunye ne-lepidosaurs. I-Lepidosaurs liqela lezilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni namhlanje: i-hatteria (iindlovu zamandulo), iinyoka, iinqanawa. Kodwa akusiyo yonke inkohliso iphila kwixesha lethu, phakathi kwabo kukho iifomu eziphelayo, ezifana ne-plesiosaurs-izilwanyana zaselwandle ezinamahlombe amade. Ukuba ukholelwa umgca, kwisiqwenga saseScotland saseLoch Ness kukho enye iplesiosaur egama linguNessie, kodwa lelinye ibali.

Isebe le-arhosaurs lalimelelwe yimivumba kunye nezinye izilwanyana zasendulo, phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zeenqanawa ezindizayo, kunye nezilwanyana zomhlaba. I-Archosaurs yizona zithako ezibalulekileyo zexesha lonke kunye nexesha, enye yezilwanyana ezihlambulukileyo kunye ezimangalisayo, ezihlaziyileyo eziphezu kwelo xesha. Ngethamsanqa, onke ama-dinosaurs aphelile, kwaye awazange aphile kwiintsuku zethu, kodwa ngoku ehlabathini lomhlaba zihlala iintlobo ezininzi zeengwenya zamandulo, zigcinwe kula maxesha! Ziziphi iilzards eziqhelekileyo? Siza kukunika ingqalelo iindidi ezinqabileyo zama-dinosaurs kunye nenkcazo yazo.

I-Diplodocus ethanda uxolo

Lo ngummeli weqela elibizwa ngokuba yi-sauropods. Ngokutsho kweepallologists, la ma-dinosaurs angafikelela ubude ukuya kwiimitha ezingama-58 ngobukhulu beetoni ezili-113. Nangona kunjalo, abaphengululi banamhlanje banamathele ekukholweni ukuba iidiplomats azidluli ubude beemitha ezingama-27 kunye nobukhulu beetoni ezingama-20. Iingqungquthela zokuqala zolu bungozi obunokuthula zafunyanwa ngabantu be-paleontologists ngo-1877 ezintabeni zaseColorado, eU.SA.

Iindidi zama-dinosaurs zale qela zazihlala kwixesha leJurassic ekupheleni kwintsimi yeNamerica yamanje malunga ne-150 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo. Iipaleontologists ziqwalasela iDiplodoc ukuba enye yeedinosaurs ezilula kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, le ntlobo yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke kuzo zonke iidinosaurs, ezaziwa ngama-squelet full. IiDiplodocus zazilwanyana ezidumileyo, kwaye ubukhulu bayo buyikhupha kwizilwanyana ezidliwayo zala maxesha - ii-ceratosaurs kunye ne-allosaurs.

Allosaurus - iindudumo zamadiplomethi!

Kwisakhelo sale nqaku, asiyi kuba nako ukuqwalasela zonke iintlobo zama-dinosaurs ngamagama, ngoko ke makhe sikhethe kuphela abameli ababalaseleyo nabadumileyo bala maqhawe amakhulu. Omnye wabo ngu-Allosaurus. Ingummeli weengqungquthela zeedinosaurs ezidliwayo ezivela kwiqela leedropods. NjengoDiplodocus, ii-allosaurs zazikho kwixesha le-Jurassic malunga neminyaka eyi-155 yezigidi edlulileyo.

Ezi zidalwa zazihamba ezinyaweni zazo ezinemilenze kwaye zinezinto ezincinane. Ngokomyinge, ezi zilwanyana zafikelela ubude beemitha ezili-9 kunye nobude beemitha ezi-4. Ama-Allosaurs ayebhekwa njengezilwanyana ezinkulu ezinobunzima belo xesha. Izidumbu zalezi zidalwa ezikhohlakeleyo zifunyenwe kwintsimi ye-Yurophu yaseYurophu yanamhlanje, i-East Africa neNyakatho Melika.

Ichthyosaurs yi-fish-fanciers

Ukumela i-host of extinct repinct of reptiles ezinkulu, ezifikelela kumgama wamitha angama-20. Ngaphandle la maqabunga afana neentlanzi kunye needonphin zanamhlanje. Uphawu oluhlukile kubo lwalubukhulu amehlo, lukhuselwe ngendandatho yethambo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngexesha elifutshane ichthyosaurs ingahlawuliswa ngokupheleleyo ngentlanzi okanye ihlengethwa.

Imvelaphi yalezi zidalwa isacatshangelwa. Ezinye i-paleontologists zikholelwa ukuba zivela kwi-diapsid. Le ngqungquthela iqinisekiswa kuphela ngokuqhelanisa: ngokucacileyo, ukusinda kwe-ichthyosaurs ngandlela-thile ihlanganiswe ukusuka kwisigxina esiphambili se-diapsids nangaphambi kokuba le subclass ihlulwe ibe yi-arhosaurs kunye ne-lepidosaurs. Nangona kunjalo, ookhokho balezi ntlanzi-ntlanzi awaziwa. Ichthyosaurs yafa malunga neminyaka eyi-90 yezigidi edlulileyo.

I-Dinosaurs iphakama esibhakabhakeni

Ekupheleni kwexesha le-Triassic, iintlobo zokuqala zeentlobo ze-dinosaur zavela kwiplanethi, eyavela ngokungalindelekanga kwi-paleontological history. Okumangalisayo kukuba, sele sele iqulunqwe ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqondisa ookhokho babo, abaye bahlakulela kulo lonke ixesha, abaziwayo.

Zonke i-Triassic pterosaurs ziseqela lakwaRamforinhs: ezi zidalwa zinamakhanda amakhulu, imilomo evulekileyo, amaphiko amade kwaye amancinci, umsila omde kunye nomsila. Ubukhulu bale "ziintaka zeentaka" zihluka. I-Pterosaurs - njengoko babizwayo-yayisisiseko sobukhulu bobabini kunye neentonga. Ewe, kwakukho iimitha ezi-5 zamitha phakathi kwabo. I-Pterosaurs yafa malunga nama-65 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo.

I-Tyrannosaurs yizona iintlobo ezidumileyo zeedinosaurs

Uluhlu lwezilonda zamandulo aluyi kuphelelanga ukuba asizange sichaze i-dinosaur yexesha lonke kunye ne-epochs - tyrannosaurus. Isi sidalwa esilumkileyo nesingozi siyasiqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo igama layo. Esi sidalwa sichaza uhlobo lwama-dinosaurs ezidliwayo ukusuka kwiqela lama-celurosaurs kunye ne-suborder of theropods. Kuquka iintlobo enye - tyrannosaurus rex (ukusuka kwisiLatini "u-rex" - ngulo kumkani). I-Tyrannosaurs, njengama-allosaurs, yayiyizilwanyana ezinobunzima kunye neengqayi ezinkulu kunye namazinyo abukhali. Imilenze ye-tyrannosaurus yayiyikuphikisana okuqhubekayo komzimba: imilenze enkulu yemilenze kunye nemilenze yangaphambili efana ne-hook.

I-Tyrannosaurus yintlobo ebalulekileyo kwiintsapho zawo, kunye nenye yeepangolin ezidumileyo zomhlaba kwilizwe lethu. Izidumbu zeli silwanyana zafunyanwa kwintshona yeNtshona Melika yamanje. Ngokwenzululwazi, bahlala malunga nezigidi ezingama-65 zeminyaka edlulileyo, oko kukuthi, ukufa kobukhosi bonke bezilwanyana zamandulo behla ngexesha labo. Kwakuyi-tyrannosaurs eyathwesa i-dinosaurs lonke ixesha elihle, eliphelile kwixesha leCretaceous.

Ifa lemveli

Kuba abantu abaninzi akusiyo imfihlo ukuba iintaka zizalana ngqo kwiidinosaurs. Iipaleontologists yabona kwisakhiwo sangaphandle nangaphakathi seentaka kunye needinosaurs ezifanayo. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba iintaka ziyinzala yehlabathi-i-dinosaurs, kwaye ingabi nge-pangolin ezindizayo-i-pterosaurs! Okwangoku, iimbumba ezimbini zezilwanyana zasendulo "zixhomekeke emoyeni", ngenxa yokuba ookhokho kunye nemvelaphi yazo ayifumanekanga ngama-paleontologists. I-subclass yokuqala yi-ichthyosaurs, kwaye okwesibini iingu-turtles. Ukuba sele sele siphucule ichthyosaurs ngasentla, akukho nto icacile ngeentlanzi!

Iintlavane ziyi-amphibians?

Ngako oko, kuyaqondakala ukuba xa ucinga ngesihloko esithi "Iimpawu zeDinosaurs", umntu akakwazi ukukhankanya ezi zilwanyana. Imvelaphi yeklasi yee-turtles isagubungelwa ngesigqubuthelo semfihlelo. Enyanisweni, ezinye i-zoologist zikholelwa ukuba zivela kwi-apsids. Nangona kunjalo, bachaswa ngamanye amadoda afundayo aqinisekisiwe ukuba ii-turtles ziyinzala yabantu basendulo bezilwanyana. Futhi musa ukuxhomekeka kwezinye izilwanyana ezihlambulukileyo. Ukuba le ngqungquthela igqityiwe, ngoko kwenzululwazi yezilwanyana ziya kuba nephulo elikhulu: kunokuthi kwenzeke ukuba ii-turtles aziyi kuba nobudlelwane obuncinane kwiindawo ezihlambulukileyo kuzo zonke, ngenxa yoko ziya kuba ... ama-amphibians!