"Zyklon B": imbali, ingakumbi iikhemikhali kunye neempawu zomzimba

"Zyklon B" - oku kuyinto ityhefu sinamandla kakhulu, nto leyo esetyenziswa ngoku kumacandelo ahlukeneyo imveliso yezolimo. Noko ke, udumo elikhulu evela sokulwa kwanokupheliswa ubunzima abantu amaNazi ngexesha Second World War. Ekubeni le chemical kuveliswe phantsi igama elahlukileyo ukuphepha unxulumano ezoyikekayo.

isishwankathelo

"Zyklon B" yi zinambuzane ekhethekileyo. Olu didi iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo ishishini lezolimo. Ukususela ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ukuba kusetyenziswa ukulawula izitshabalalisi kunye gazi. Izitshabalalisi ukubulala ezininzi eziyingozi iintsholongwane ukutya iinkcubeko. Kananjalo ukukhusela iinkuni ukusuka umhlwa zizinambuzane ezahlukeneyo. "Zyklon B" wenziwa ngokusekelwe hydrocyanic acid.

Iyodwa, efunyanwa kulo izityalo ezininzi, igesi mveliso kunye midiza. Noko ke, izixa ezikhulu acid kuyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu. Oku kusekelwe hydrogen benqanda. Owokugqibela iipropati imichiza esebenzayo. Hydrocyanic acid akukho umbala, kodwa livumba eliqaqambileyo. Ityhefu molecule ikhaphukhaphu iimolekyuli komoya, ngenxa yokuba le asidi yinto eguqukayo kwaye lula ashukunyiswe.

Qala zophando

nokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali njengezixhobo baqalisa ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. iityhefu ezininzi, ezifana lwemostade, got igama layo ukusuka kwindawo ukusetyenziswa yokulwa yokuqala. Emva kwemfazwe, iJamani ayikwazanga ukuba imikhosi yayo exhobileyo. Ngoko, kwagqitywa ukuthumela imikhosi eziphambili ukufunda iindlela wentshabalalo abaninzi yotshaba. Intloko yale Ucwaningo uFritz Haber, ngubani iminyaka emine ngaphambi elaphumelela Prize Nobel. Fritz ukususela 1911 inxaxheba kuphuhliso efihlakeleyo phantsi kobunkokheli lobuqu Kaiser.

Haber, kunye nezinye ekhemisi baseJamani, wazama ukwenza ityhefu omtsha owawuza Ugqwesile bonke ezikhoyo. Ngexesha IMfazwe Enkulu, iJamani belizwe zisetyenziswa chlorine. Noko ke, waba nzima kakhulu kwaye kade. Emva kokuba namahlakani ukuhlasela lokuqala oluphemeleleyo exhotyiswe inxalenye yawo ngaphambili amayeza imichiza. Ukuze amajoni ixesha banxibe iimaski, njengoko sibonile ezirhubuluzayo ilifu elimhlophe. Izazinzulu kwazithathela ingqalelo esi sithintelo kwaye yabhekisela iprussic acid.

Ukudalwa "yiNkanyamba"

Benqanda, nto leyo yenza isiseko sale ityhefu, iye yaba kakhulu "ethandwayo" eJamani ngelo xesha. Wafumana iintlobo ezininzi izicelo. Luftwaffe pilot bezisoloko igutyana kwi emithi, kungekhona ukuba ayokuhlala ekuthinjweni. Kwaye onke amanani abaziwayo ulawulo lwamaNazi yonyaka wesihlanu-zamashumi mane iingqayi ezinjalo ngokoqobo emazinyweni. Gaber waqalisa ukuhlola kunye benqanda bamsa iipropati ezintsha. Ngokomzekelo, saseka "Inkanyamba B" kwi yesibini-amabini ngonyaka. inzuzo yakhe kwiNtetho kaMongameli udibaniso. Zonke ekhoyo phambi iityhefu empi sukube, yaye "Inkanyamba" lo adsorbent. granules Isichumisi Igcwele hydrocyanic acid baba ngoko wongezelela arhente ekuzinziseni methyl. Granules sasikwanti igesi eyityhefu ezingenambala kangangeeyure eziliqela.

"Zyklon B": isiphumo emzimbeni womntu

Yityhefu enza umzimba womntu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke idosi. Emva kokoyiswa emoyeni open ukufa hlobo xa ukunikwa unyango ngexesha elililo. Nokuba ngemiqondiso enamandla yityhefu zenzeka emva kwemizuzu elishumi elinesihlanu ukuya amathandathu. Le fomu kuthiwa ityhefu kancinane ezantsi emathunjini omhlaba. ukunxila Ukukhanya kubandakanya isicaphucaphu, isiyezi, incasa krakra emlonyeni. Ezimandundu fatigue kwezihlunu kukhokelela ukuphelelwa kakhulu ngumphefumlo xa usenza kuso nokuba minor omzimba. Zonke iimpawu kunxilwe wobulali Kwathi emva kweentsuku ezintathu. Ezi mpawu zilandelayo ezidityaniswe kwi indlela avareji kunxilwe: nemibono, ilahleko rhoqo osezingqondweni, ukuxhuzula, ukunciphisa izinga intliziyo, ukuhlisa isikhumba zombala. Iimpawu ingahlala ngeveki, xa ungenelelo lonyango nga siphephe ukulahleka sezingqondweni.

Action "Zyklon B 'kwindawo encinci ngolo lelibulalayo. Ukuba ityhefu eninzi igesi enetyhefu ebantwini kukhulisa uhlobo fulminant kunxilwe. Ngoko nangoko emva kokoyiswa umntu ulahlekelwa sezingqondweni. Emva koko zokuphefumla nokuxhaphaka ukubetha. ukuxhuzula okuqhubekekayo kulelwe. Ukuphefumla siyeka emva kwemizuzu embalwa, kwaye kwayo ziindlela zokufa.

Isicelo lwamaNazi

ukusebenza gas "Zyklon B" abantu kuqala ngo-1941. Kwinkampu yoxinaniso Auschwitz oko yasetyenziswa nxamnye POWs Soviet kunye namanye amabanjwa. Umqalisi ye yityhefu lenziwa uKarl Fritsch. Irhasi fast kakhulu kwaye asibandakanyi naziphi na iindleko. "Zyklon B" eziveliswa inkampani isiJamani "Degesh", nto ezo imichiza ulawulo lwezinambuzane. kilograms Chotyroh of "Inkanyamba" Kwanele ukubulala amawaka abantu. Loo indlela yokubulala samkelwa oborshturmbannfyurerom SS Rudolf Hossom. Lo yena ngokwakhe wathi kwi waseLondon izilingo empini.

Ekuqaleni ukuba kusetyenziswa kuphela kumaqela 'ukufa. " Emva koko, oogqirha nkampu waqalisa ukuba amabanjwa abo bagula kakhulu ngaphezu kweeveki ezine. Kwakhona esisi ngobubhedengu amabanjwa bengakwazi ukusebenza. Action saka amaNazi wayethanda kwakheka. Le egumbini gas eAuschwitz abantu ukuya ku amawaka amabini badalwa ngexesha elifanayo. Emva koko, amava yasasazwa kwezinye iinkampu zoxinaniso.

Iqela "Zyklon B"

Umehluko phakathi Association of yityhefu umdla kuye evela iintshukumo ezininzi olukhulu. Ngokukodwa, i-Russian trash-rock wathabatha igama njengoko igama ityhefu. Iqela "Zyklon B" lulandela kulawula iimbono ubuzwe. Inzala kwi yobuhle ngamaNazi, mhlawumbi, kwaye kwakhokelela ekubeni ukhetho yegama.

Iqela lomculo lidumile phakathi isizwe kunye namaqela lasekunene-iphiko. Kodwa ke sahlukana ngo-2007. Uninzi iingoma qela wangena kwirejista izinto eziyingozi akuvumelekanga. Kunjalo, amalungu eqela ikwazile ukuba abanjwe. Ngowe-2016, baye babhengeza kukudala iprojekthi zomculo ezintsha. Theme ingoma uhlala efanayo, kodwa igama yatshintshwa kwi "eliphikisayo".