1223: eRussia siganeko. Iziphumo ze-Battle of the Kalka

Black wabonakala ngo 1223 ukuze kwilizwe lethu. Esi siganeko senzeke eRashiya ukuba kumiselwa kwiinkulungwane eziliqela kumhlaba eMpuma Yurophu. Impi eyodwa asiphumelelanga wajika yonke indlela yembali.

1223: Iindawo e Russia

bonke kakhulu ukususela kwikharityhulam yesikolo engqondweni ukuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-13 - ngexesha Mongol lokuhlasela ezweni Polovtsian (omelene sesizwe Slavic) kunye kummandla Russia. ukoyisa Russian ezweni anayo sasendle ngokuthe ngcembe, kodwa kwenzeka ntoni ngo-1223 eRashiya? Yaba May 31, 1223 (njengoko ingxelo kuthi Laurentian Chronicle) wathabatha imfazwe yokuqala amajoni Khan kunye namajoni Russian. Sonke siyazi imbali yalo mcimbi kuthiwa "I-Battle of the Kalka River."

Ezibangela ukuba Battle of the Kalka

Kwaliwa phakathi nangezinto Russian njengenkosana kungekudala, wayeza kubanjwa. Kutheni? Ngokutsho qhinga Mongol, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa yi Genghis Khan, urhulumente wakhe kwafuneka kwintsimi nje kuphela Mongolian, kodwa ziquka lonke Europe.

Kutheni nsimu enkulu we Mongols? Musa ukulibala ukuba mbuya. Abantu abanjalo abakwazi ukuhlala endaweni omnye indlela yokulima. Mbuya lutho kwezolimo, kunye nemfuyo kuphela. Abameli abantu neenkomo kakhulu kangangokuba kwafuneka into ukondla. indlela yokulima kubandakanya replacement ngamaxesha athile emadlelweni entsha, kuba amadlelo ubudala baye bengenanto bangayidlayo izilwanyana njengokutya. Kuyafuneka Europe kwaba Mongols kokubanako utyani iinkomo zabo.

Iziganeko phambi kokuba imfazwe kwi Kalka

Kucacile ukuba imeko edabini kwi Kalka akazange kuba kwaoko. Komjikelo noloyiso lamabutho Mongols yaqala Central Asia. Emva koko ke hlokondiba kuqonde Iran. Akukho umkhosi bakwazi ukubavimba. Mongols baqhubeka ngeenyawo kwicala eCaucasus. Iinkokeli hlokondiba ukuba iidolophu ezinkulu ezininzi izityebi eCaucasus, leyo ayamtyhafisa. Ukuba kuhambo lobungangamsha ukuya eCaucasus, ezifana amajoni Georgian wangena amazwe Russia mihla, intsimi yakhe ngoxa zezizwe Alans kunye Polovtsy waphila. Amandla yezi zizwe amadlelo boyiswa ngabanye mnye, kuba bokuphathisana ye boyisa Mongol esebenza nayo ngempumelelo.

1223 ... Iindawo eRashiya, nto leyo enokuthi ibehlele, Iinkosana noyolo, kuba babesazi ukuba ezi aweza ekugqibeleni bafika Kiev. iinkosana Russian kwafuneka ukuba baqonde kunye Mongols ngokucelwa i Polovtsy. Kwakhona, komdlalo amajoni Genghis Khan ukuba kungekudala, wayeza kuqhubeka yenzekile. Eqonda ukuba AmaTatar akazange ayeke, iinkosana wagqiba lokwala uncedo Polovtsian Khan. Lokuhlangana e Kiev, imikhosi Mstislava Galitskogo kunye Mstislav i Ngabasileyo (ngelo xesha iNkosana of Kiev), avele kweli phulo. Ngexesha phulo Mongols kabini wathumela izigidimi zabo, injongo leyo ukunqanda umkhosi Russian. Mongols baye babonisa ukuba bakwazi ukumelana Polovtsy; kodwa abayi ukuya emzini Russian.

Wayesilwa Mongols

Ukwazi apho isiganeko kwenzeka ngo-1223, emva nje kokuba ingxokolo Batu Khan, Genghis Khan eRashiya (oko kukuthi, i-ukoyisa zemizi izityebi eCaucasus), abaphathi Russian abazange bakholwe izigidimi mkhosi. Ngoko ke, eli phulo sahlala. Gang wafudukela phantsi i Dnieper. Yintoni ngoku kummandla Cherkassy of imikhosi Ukraine prince kwafuneka enze ekudibaneni Dnieper. Nalapha kukho ngqa amabutho esitha. I Mongols amahashe ngokukhawuleza, ngoko bakwazi ukuphuma nokukuyekisa imikhosi Russian kwi lula ukuba edabini, ibekwe kufuphi nomlambo mihla Kalmius (kummandla Zaporizhia).

Qala impi ukuba iinkosana Russian. Ukuze othile oku kunokucaciswa kwisantya amanyathelo amajoni amakhosi. Kiev prince wawuwela uMlambo, waza wafunda inkampu Mongolian evela kude, wabuyela kwindawo yonke imikhosi yayo kwaye alungiselelwe ukulwa. I Mongols baqalisa baleka. Ingakumbi icinezelwe kakhulu kwi squad Daniila Galitskogo. Kodwa ke Golden mkhosi wangena imikhosi ekulweni ezongezelelweyo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni Isiphumo sokugqibela amadabi amaninzi kwimbali yabantu Ukrainian kunye Russian - basinde namahlakani (Polovtsy), abatshabalalisa isakhiwo wabathetheli amajoni Russian. Emva koku, le AmaTatar uloyiso yaba ngumbandela ixesha kunye nobugcisa. umkhosi lenqaba ukubulawa okukhulu kweli dabi.

isiphelo

1223 ... Iindawo eRashiya usizi ngokwenene. Le bahlulwa Kalka Wazibeka zonke neRashiya uxhomekeke ngqo ngokupheleleyo kurhulumente, "zolotaya Orda." Lwethathari idyokhwe phantse 300 iminyaka. Eli xesha omkhulu zembali elinye nefuthe elibi kuphuhliso Russia kunye Ukraine komhlaba mihla.