Abantu bakudala. abantu bamandulo: ukukhula, inkangeleko, izakhono ezisisiseko kunye nengqesho

Njengoko kuchaziwe idata yenzululwazi, abantu bokuqala wabonakala malunga 4 million kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Eminyaka, baye sazivelela, oko kukuthi eziphuculweyo nje kuphela ngokwemigaqo ekuphuhliseni uluntu likumgangatho kodwa ngaphandle. Ukufundwa Historical wahlula abantu bakudala ngenxa iintlobo ezimbalwa, ethe gqolo laphumelela omnye komnye. Ziintoni iimpawu yokwakheka yohlobo ngalunye abantu nobu-, yaye yintoni kwexesha elithile baye khona? Konke oku, ufunde.

Abantu bakudala - oobani noobani ke?

Kakhulu abantu bamandulo ababehlala Afrika kwiminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 edlulileyo. Oku kungqinwe ezafunyanwa ezininzi zakudala. Noko ke, kwakusazeka ukuba izidalwa ezingabantu-ezifana yokuqala, ukuhamba ngokuzithemba imilenze nemazi (oko kukuthi, lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo ekumiseleni umntu abangekaphuhli) wabonakala kakhulu ngaphambili - kwiminyaka 4 million eyadlulayo. Olu phawu abantu bamandulo njengoko bipedalism, saqala ukubonakala ngo izidalwa ukuba izazinzulu ziye banikwe igama "australopithecines".

Ngenxa kweenkulungwane zazivelela bafaka habls Homo phambili ngakumbi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "umntu Ukugunda". Kuye indawo zizidalwa irobhothi, ogama abameli babizwa Homo erectus, leyo yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini lithetha "umntu tye". Kwaba emva phantse kwesiqingatha sesigidi kwiminyaka nje kukho imbono engcono woMntu nobu-, nto leyo sifunda ngakumbi lwabemi mihla okrelekrele Umhlaba - ". Umntu osisilumko" Homo sapiens okanye Njengoko kubonakala ngentla apha, abantu zamandulo kancinci, kodwa kwangaxeshanye aphuhliswe kakuhle kakhulu, kuvulwa amathuba amatsha. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha yintoni kanye na zonke ezi okhokho babantu, yintoni imisebenzi zabo nento ikhangeleka njani.

Australopithecus: iimpawu yangaphandle nendlela yokuphila

Ukufundwa Historical ibhekisa umhlaba iinkawu yokuqala australopithecine kwi imilenze yangasemva. Imvelaphi yalo hlobo abantu bakudala baqala eMpuma Afrika, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-4 million eyadlulayo. Kuba phantse zizigidi-2 iminyaka, ezi zidalwa Wayaneka kwilizwekazi liphela. Indoda yamandulo Ukukhula ogama avareji 135 cm, uzelwe enobunzima elingekho ngaphezu kwama-55 kg. Ngokungafaniyo monkeys Australopithecus waba dimorphism zesini ucaca ngakumbi, kodwa isakhiwo canines kumadoda nabafazi ifana. Ukhakhayi yale uhlobo lincinane yaye umthamo engekho ngaphezulu kwe-600 cm ^3. Eyona umsebenzi Australopithecus phantse ezahlukeneyo akukho koko apho lwenkawu mihla, kwaye kuphela ukuba ukuveliswa kokutya kunye nokhuselo ezintshabeni zendalo.

Homo: nokwakheka yokuphila

habilis Homo (Latin for "umntu lokuposa") njenge uhlobo ozimeleyo eyahlukileyo irobhothi kwabonakala kwiminyaka kwezigidi ezi-2 eyadlulayo e-Afrika. Aba bantu bamandulo, ukukhula leyo edla ufikelela 160 cm, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa ngakumbi kunobo Australopithecus, ingqondo - malunga nama-700 ^cm-3. Amazinyo neminwe kweqondo yokwaleka Homo beziphantse ukufana epheleleyo kunye oluntu, kodwa nakummango kwebunzi enkulu kunye nemihlathi wayikhangelisa njenge nyani. Ukongezelela ukuqokelela indoda lokuposa yena wayenza kuzingela avulwe kunye usika izidumbu silwanyana angasebenzisa ngayo umkhondo. Oku kubonisa ukuba Homo sisidalwa lokuqala irobhothi kunye izakhono zabasebenzi.

Homo erectus: imbonakalo

iimpawu yokwakheka abantu bamandulo eyaziwa ngokuba Homo erectus, ukwanda okuphawulekayo ivolyum yokakayi, leyo ukuba izazinzulu ukuphikisana ukuba ingqondo yabo iyathelekiswa ubungakanani kunye ingqondo yomntu mihla. lwamawa nebunzi kunye nemihlathi umntu onobuchule ababezibiza, kodwa kungekhona kukubi nje ukuba langaphambili. Build kwaba phantse ngokufanayo ngomntu mihla. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zakudala, Homo erectus wayonwabile ubomi ungenzi nto esazi ukuba ukwenza njani umlilo. Kuyinto ekhaya kule hlobo amaqela kakuhle elikhulu emiqolombeni. Nomsebenzi ezingundoqo Homo lalifuna (ingakumbi abafazi kunye nabantwana), ngokuzingela nokuloba, nokuveliswa impahla. Homo erectus phakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukuqonda imfuneko seka- ukutya.

Neanderthal: inkcazelo ukuvela yokuphila

Bamandulo Phaya wabonakala kamva ababengaphambi zabo - malunga 250 amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. Yintoni na aba bantu bamandulo? ukukhula kwawo kwafikelela-170 cm, kwaye umthamo we ukhakhayi - 1200 cm ^3. Ukongezelela Afrika Asia, iminyanya umntu bahlala eYurophu. Elona nani liphezulu of Bamandulo Phaya iqela elinye yafikelela kubantu-100. Ngokungafaniyo langaphambili, ukuba uhlobo oludala intetho, evumela abantu babo ukuze abelane ngolwazi kwaye anxibelelane ngakumbi kakuhle omnye nomnye. Nomsebenzi iphambili izinyanya yabantu wayezingela. Impumelelo yemveliso yokutya zinika iindidi izixhobo: iintshuntshe, kutyunyuzwa yisa amatye, ezazisetyenziswa njengoko iintshengece, izabatha wemba emhlabeni zikujikeleze. Mathiriyeli okubangelwa (eluswini, isikhumba) Bamandulo Phaya ezisetyenziswa Manufacturing iimpahla kunye nezihlangu.

Cro-Magnons: Inqanaba lokugqibela le ekudalweni nasekusungulweni yomntu eyayingekaphuhli

Cro-Magnon okanye Homo sapiens (-Homo sapiens) - oku yokugqibela eyaziwayo kwinzululwazi womntu yamandulo, sele ifikelele 170-190 cm ngaphandle Ukufana olu hlobo yomntu eyayingekaphuhli kunye iinkawu ogama ukukhula kwaba imperceptible, njengoko bancipha ayagqama emhlathini asezantsi sele hayi akhuphe phambili. . izixhobo Cro-Magnon kwenziwa kuphela ngamatye, kodwa kubakho nezomthi ithambo. Ukongeza kuzingela ezi okhokho babantu Sizibandakanye kwezolimo nemfuyo iintlobo yokuqala (mbuna izilwanyana zasendle).

inqanaba yokucinga kwi Cro-Magnon lwalulude kakhulu ngaphezu ngaphambili. Oku kwenza ukuba ukudala amaqela asekuhlaleni zihambele. Endaweni ye-siseko ubukho emhlambini beza nkqubo yesizwe kunye nokusekwa zakuqala imithetho yezentlalo kunye noqoqosho.