Amadlelo aseMoscow, ii-manor-museums: inkcazelo, ifoto

Iimvakalelo ezimbini zifumana wonke umntu xa kuziwa kumadlelo. Amanxweme, iziza kunye namapaki ...

Ngaphambili kwimbali yaseRashiya

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezi ziindawo ezikufutshane kwaye zixhomekeke ngokunzulu kwiimbali, ubomi bobuciko, indlela yokuphila yaseRussia yobomi kunye neyona nto, kwaye kwenye - imeko yeendawo ezininzi ezingakukhunjulwayoyikisayo kwaye iyazisola.
Imbali yaseRashiya kunye nomoya waseRussia ziingcamango, ngokubanzi, ezahlukileyo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zinyanisekile kangangokuthi ngaphandle kwecandelo elinye akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ngokucacileyo enye, kwaye ngoko ke, ukuba uphendule umbuzo: yintoni kanye, Umntu waseRashiya?

Amaziko kunye neendawo zokugcina iinkcubeko zaseRussia kumadlelo

Izindlu - indawo apho kwakukho isibini. Amagama kwezinye iindawo ezisemaphandleni kunye neendawo zokuvalelwa kuluntu jikelele: uAbrtsevo, Arkhangelsk, Marfino, Kuskovo nabanye. Oku kuyinyaniso, kuba ngeenkulungwane ezili-17-19. Indawo ehloniphekileyo yayinomxholo wenkcubeko kunye nesiganeko, kunye needolophu ezinkulu kunye ezincinci, iidonta, iidolophana, iidolophati kunye namabandla.
Izazi-mlando zithi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ERashiya kwakukho ukusuka kwii-50 ukuya kwii-100 zamawaka kunye neendawo. Ngokwemvelo, umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle, ezoqoqosho, ubugcisa kunye nobuchule bokuphila kunye neziganeko zembali zommandla waseMoscow zazixhamene.
Kwaye ekubeni kwakuyi-stone cast out of the estate of Moscow ukuya kwisikhululo, ngokwemvelo, abalobi beRussia abanobugcisa, iingqungquthela, abaculi, abaqambi bavuselela, basebenze bafumana ukuphumla kwiindawo ezinxulumene nendalo.
Kwaye, mhlawumbi, akukho mdali waseRashiya kunye nomcangali wekhulu le-18 neye-19, ekufeni kwakhe kunye nokuphila kwakungeke kudibaniswe nomhlaba waseRussia.
Kwaye ezo zithethe zobugcisa baseRashiya njengezobugcisa belizwe, izityalo zegadi kunye nepaki kunye nezokwakheka, ukuyila kwemvelo kubuyela kumadlelo aseMoscow, aphantsi kwawo kunye nemvelo abayithandayo.
Kufuneka ukhunjulwe ukuba izithethe zaseRashiya, izidlo zaseRashiya, ukuzingela, ukuqokelela iincwadi ezinqabileyo kunye nokuqokelela imifanekiso nazo zidibaniswa nobuchule beenkcubeko zendawo kunye nezasekhaya.

Ukuqalisa

Kwimihlaba engama-100-kilometer ukusuka kwi-Road Ring Road, malunga neendawo ezingama-200 kunye neziqhamo zingabalwa. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kwimizi yaseMoscow kwakukho malunga ne-1000. Bonke bahlala bekhunjulwa kwaye bafanelekela ingqwalasela, kodwa amaxesha ngoku afunekayo ukutyelela indawo ezithakazelisayo nangona zilungiswe kakuhle.
Ngokubhekiselele kwisihloko, ungatsho ukuba ukuba ufuna ukutyelela iindawo ezintle kakhulu kummandla waseMoscow ngenzuzo yokugcina ulwazi jikelele:

• Ngendawo, umgama, indlela (imitha, isitimela, ibhasi, imoto);
• Ngezinto ezizodwa ("ezingavamile") kuloo ndawo: indawo yokugcina i-museum yombuso, indawo yokulondolozwa kwezindlu, indawo yesebe, nje izakhiwo ezinxulumene nembali, uncwadi, ukudweba, izakhiwo;
• Ukuba indawo idibaniswe kunye neemyuziyamu, kuya kuba mnandi ukwazi ngamaxabiso amathikithi, iiyure zokusebenza kunye neendawo zokuphumla kunye nokutya. Kukho ukhetho olukhoyo xa iimyuziyam kunye neendawo ezikufutshane neMoscow zihlala kwelinye isebe kwaye ukungena kunzima, kodwa, njengoko kubakho abahambahambayo abahambayo, kubakho "umgodi ocingweni oluvela emva", kwaye unako ukufika khona;
• Ukulungelelaniswa kwamathuba okusingqongileyo kunye neenjongo zabo: bahlale behlala kwindawo ebonakalayo, imbali, imbali, izakhiwo zobugcisa kunye nezobugcisa, njl njl.

Le "gxininiso" iya kunceda ukugcina ixesha kwaye ufumane uvuyo lokwenene ngokutyelela indawo enomdla.

Indawo zeembali

Elinye lezithethe zorhulumente ophezulu waseRashiya kwixesha lePetrine kwakuyiminikelo yeendawo kunye needolophu ngenkonzo ethembekileyo. Ngokwamaxesha amaninzi amanxweme aseMoscow akhupha, umzekelo, ifa likaGlinka, elinikezwa nguPeter Ι, njengedolophana kufuphi neMoscow, kumhlobo wakhe uYakov Bruce, umkhosi wezemikhosi kunye nombutho wamazwe, ososayensi kunye nediplomat. Emva kokuthatha umhlalaphantsi wakhe, uBruce wayebandakanyeka kwi-perestroika, uvavanyo lwezenzululwazi waza wafumana udumo "lomlingo kunye nokulwa".
Imbali yelifa likaGlinka ngumzekelo wembali yamaxesha kaPetros, isayensi yezempi yaseRashiya, iindibano zaseRashiya kwii-17-18 zeenkulungwane.
Ukuba nje uthayibhile inani elidumileyo leembali kunye namanori azo kumadlelo aseMoscow, uluhlu luya kuba luncedo:

• I-Serednikovo - intsapho yaseStolypins. Ndiyakhumbula uPyotr Arkadevich Stolypin, umguquleli waseRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngaphambili uSerednikovo wayedibaniswe nobuntwana bombongo uMnu Yu. Lermontov. Kamva kwakukho i-Shalyapin kunye neRachmaninoff. Namhlanje i-Serednikovo yiyona ndawo ehlala kuyo "indawo yokutya" kwindawo yaseMoscow, kunye nomzi we-movie othakazelisayo, oquka indawo yaseNgilani ngekhulu le-18;

• Ingxoxo-kunika ukucwiliswa okunzulu kwimbali. Abadumi beembali-zembali baqhagamshelana neengxoxo apho uDmitry Donskoy esasazeka khona intente yakhe, ehamba ekulweni neMamai (i-Kulikovo Field);
• IGorki (uLeninskie) namhlanje i-museum edibaniswe nobomi benkokheli yelizwe elizayo. "Ukugqwesa" kweemyuziyamu kumboniso yiRolls-Royce imoto, eyaqhuba uVladimir Ilyich. Kodwa into enomdla kukuba ukukhankanywa kokuqala kwefa kudala kwixesha le-16 leminyaka, kunye neendawo zangaphakathi zakhiwo zagcinwa kwii-18 ukuya kweye-19.

Ewe, ukuba akukho nto yokubhekisela kuyo yonke iminyuziyamu-yamatye aseMoscow nakummandla waseMoscow, kodwa ulwazi lunokufumaneka rhoqo. Kwaye kunomdla, imbali ngezinye iimbali ijikeleza ngokugqithiseleyo iziganeko zokubhala nokubhala.

Iincwadi zeencwadi

I-Vyazyom Enkulu yamkelwa kuPeter Ι Prince Golitsyn "ukuze asindiswe ngukumkani osemncinane ngexesha lovukelo lukaStreltsy." Ukongezelela, ifa lixhamene nokuphila kukaBoris Godunov, uPaul Ι, Kutuzov, Napoleon, Bagration, uL. Tolstoy.
Kodwa yintoni ebaluleke ngakumbi - i-Vyazyomy yindawo yokuzalwa yenkondlo yasePushkin: ebuntwaneni bakhe edlulile apha, wazi kakuhle ubuhle beRashiya, bayiva iingoma zabantu, bafunda ubomi kunye nemasiko yabantu baseRashiya nabahlali baseRussia.
Apha izidalwa zokuqala zePushkin zazaliswa, kwaye apha wayekho ngexesha elinzima lobomi bakhe. Uhlala kule ndawo kunye neengcamango: I-Golitsyno Iitrhala zendawo zibiza "iNdlu yoKumkani we-Spades", kwaye unokufunda okuthile malunga nePrincess Golitsyna, umboniso womdala omdala kunye namakhadi amathathu athile.
Ngenxa yoko, akukho nje into yokuba iBichi Vyzemy yi-Pushkin Museum-Reserve, apha, ukususela ngoSeptemba ukuya ku-Ephreli, kuneemini kunye neemakhonsathi zomculo. Njengendawo yePushkin, kufuneka uthethe iZakharovo kufuphi neVyazyom.
Ngezinye iindawo zombhalo kunye neenkondlo:

• I-Muranovo yiyona "isidleke esihloniphekileyo", esiyifumana ngayo iincwadi kunye neefilimu ngeRashiya ngekhulu le-19. Kwinqanaba lokuzalwa kunye neendleko, kukho amagama amaninzi awaziwayo: Engelgardt, Baratynsky, Putyata, Gogol, Aksakov, Tyutchev. Kodwa isigwebo sathi ukuba eMuranovo kwafika ingqolowa yentsapho yombongi uFeodor Tyutchev kwaye ngoko i-museum yegama lakhe yabonakala khona;
• I-Melikhovo - i-museum kunye nesikhumbuzo se-museum-indawo ye-Anton Chekhov. Kwimiboniso yolondolozo lwemyuziyam kukho iingubo ezingaphezulu kwama-20 ezipapa zabaculi, kuquka no-I. Levitan, D. Polenov, P. Seryogin - abahlobo bomlobi.
• I-Znamenskoe-Gubaylovo - yavela kwi-tsar yokuqala yaseRussia (emva kweengxaki ezinkulu) nguMikhail Romanov, u- boyar Volynsky (ukhokho kaDmitry Donskoy) kunye nenkulungwane ye-16. Kamva, ngekhulu le-18, ilifa lalingumlawuli wecolor Dolgoruky-Crimea. Kwaye ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ifa laguqulelwa "kwisihlamba sokubhala" seengqungquthela zaseRashiya zesiSharmbethi. Imithi yepaki yakudala iyakhumbula i-V. Bryusov, K. Balmont no-A. Bely;
• I-Peredelkino - ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ilungele amagama ahlukeneyo. Le "dolophu yombhali", ehambelana namagama abalobi abaninzi abakhulu baseSoviet nabaseRashiya kunye neebongozi. Namhlanje ePeredelkino kukho iminyuziyamu yendlu kaK. Chukovsky, B. Pasternak, B. Okudzhava, igalari-gallery E. Yevtushenko. Ephantse kwidolophana kukho icawa yoMsindisi woTshintsho kunye nePatriarchal Compound - ukuhlala kwe-Patriarch yaseMoscow kunye neRussia Kirill.

Malunga neRashiya

Kwizakhiwo zaseRashiya, indawo ebalulekileyo ihlala yindawo yokwakha isonto. Ngaphandle kokungena kule ndawo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba isonto laseRussia eliqhelekileyo liyaqhubeka liyabonakala ngenxa yobume bendlu, "intente" (injongo ezininzi) zendawo.
Kwaye kuba iipaki kunye neendawo ezihlala kwingingqi yeMoscow yekhulu le-17 le-19. Kubalulekile ukuba kufakwe icawa, kuyathakazelisa ukubona kunye nokuqonda ukuba zenziwa njani iicawa. Ewe, iinqwelo kunye ne "Russian" yesitayela zagcinwa. Kodwa okona mnandi kunxaxha kukuba:

• EDubrovitsy uyabona ininzi "ibaroque" (ukusuka kwicawa yaseBaroque) kwingingqi yaseMoscow. Kwindlela efanayo yakhiwa kunye nebhotwe, kodwa kamva yavuselelwa ngomoya weklasi;

• I-Bykovo - ekwakhiweni kwecawa ezimbini kwi-18th century. Umqambi odumile waseRussia u-V. Bazhenov uthatha inxaxheba nabafundi bakhe. Ngendlela efanayo yokucwangciswa kweMasonic, ibhotwe le-manor lakhiwe. Intsimbi yecala ehlukeneyo (umklami waseTamansky) kunye newebhu yeendlela zokupaka kunye namachibi amaninzi adala iimoya ezingalibalekiyo, ngokukodwa kwixesha lekwindla ehlobo;
• I-Bratsevo yindawo yokuhlala eMoscow, apho kukho ipaki yesiNgesi. Unokuqala ukutyelela izakhiwo zaseMoscow: i-Countess Stroganov, i-houseor palace, i-Church of the Intercession, yabona amabhriji angama-2 kunye nezindlu ezinama-5 zokubamba ubuhle kunye nomoya welifa elikufutshane neMoscow kunye neziqithi. Kwaye kuya kuba lula ukuqala ukuhamba kwindawo yaseMoscow.

Iingcali kunye neengcali zaseRashiya

I-Patronage (i-patronage yophuhliso lwesayensi kunye nobugcisa) yavela eRashiya ngekhulu le-18. Yaye yafika ebudeni bayo kwiminyaka ye-19 leminyaka. Kwiindawo zelizwe kunye neendonga zedolophu, iziqokelelo eziphawulekayo zobugcisa baseRashiya naseNtshona YaseYurophu baqokelelwe, ukuqokelela kweencwadi ezinqabileyo.
Ngako oko, izixeko ezininzi kunye neendonga zaseMoscow ziyaziwa ngenxa yabanini-abanikazi, nangona kunjalo, akukho nto ingabonakaliyo kwimbali, kodwa kukho iindibaniselwano ezininzi.
Kwi-Abramtsevo enye yeendalana zendlu ye-18 leminyaka, eyona mzekelo wokwakha izakhiwo ze-Russian, iye yagcinwa. Umnini ka-Abramtsevo wayengumbhali uSk. Aksakov ("iStarlet Flower"), kwakukho nabahlobo bakhe - uGogol, uTurgenev, iTyutchev.

Xa kwinqanaba lesibini le-19 leminyaka. Umnikazi welifa wayengumshicileli kunye nobubele . S. Morozov, abaculi uMr. Vrubel, V. Vasnetsov, D. Polenov, I. I-Repin, uV. Serov wasebenza ngokuzimisela. Bekukhona ukuba "ujikelezo lwama-Abramtsev" lwazalwa - umanyano wobugcisa kunye nokudala, obeka njengenjongo yokuphuhliswa kobugcisa belizwe laseRashiya.
Emva kokuguqulwa kwe-1917, ezi zithethe zaqhutyelwa ngu-I. Grabar, uP. Konchalovsky, V. Mukhina. Kwaye namhlanje umboniso we-museum u-Abramtsevo ufikelela kuma-25,000 emiboniso: ukudweba, imifanekiso, umfanekiso, umsebenzi wezobugcisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa.

Abanye, mhlawumbi baninzi, baninzi ...

Kwakhona kufanelekile ukukhankanywa ziindawo ezikufutshane neMoscow, ezivulelekileyo kwiindwendwe:

1. I-Arkhangelskoe - enye yeendawo ezigcinwe ukususela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, kubandakanywa kunye nokwakhiwa kwepaki kwindlela yokufunda. Kwaye kunye nokuqokelela kwezobugcisa be-Odoevsky, iGolitsyn, Yusupov yaba ngumthombo we-museum yokubonisa;
2. Kuskovo - umntu we-Count of the Sheremetyevs. Indlu egcinwe, indlu yase-Itali, indlu yaseDutch, iGrotto. Kwintsimi yelifa kukho iMyuziyamu kaRhulumente yeCeramics;

3. Klin - indawo edibaniswa neminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bomqambi uP. Tchaikovsky. Namhlanje, nango-museum wezindlu, ukubuyisela umoya wobumba, ubomi kunye nobomi bomculi omkhulu.

Ngokudabukisayo ... (kodwa kungekhona kuphela)

Iziqhamo ezininzi kunye namanori zisesimweni sokutshatyalaliswa. Izizathu zokuba iindawo ezilahlekileyo zommandla waseMoscow zinendawo yokuhlala - ukungabi nabanikazi, ukungabikho kwabanikazi, ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo kwezinye iinjongo.
Iimbono ezinzulu zembali kwingxaki ithi:

1. Ubomi kunye neentyantyambo zeendawo kunye neendawo zazinjalo kwinto edlulileyo, kunye nekhulu le-19.
2. Iziganeko ezonakalisayo zenzeke ebomini baseRashiya ekhulwini lama-20, ukwenzela ukuba ziqale ngokukhawuleza ukubuyisela yonke into enxulumene nexesha elidlulileyo.
3. Kodwa kukho ukuqonda ukuba eli lidlulileyo, okufuneka ukwazi ngalo, kwaye kufuneka ligcinwe, oko kuthetha ukuba kungekudala okanye kamva iingxaki zokubuyiselwa nokubuyiselwa ziya kugqitywa, kwaye iziza ezishiyekileyo zommandla waseMoscow ziya kusinceda ngezobuhle bazo.

Kwaye ke:

• I-Dugino - indawo edibaniswa nabaculi beli-19 leminyaka. - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwaye ngoku i-sanatorium, ingaba yindawo yembali yezobugcisa;
• UMarfino - owayengumkhosi wamasosha omkhosi, kunye nokugcinwa kwamagriffins, i-echibi kunye nepaki iya kuba yindawo ekhethekileyo;
• I-Bykovo efanayo iya kuphelisa ukubola.

Ummandla waseMoscow kwindawo yolwazi

Ulwazi malunga nefa elikufutshane neMoscow, livulele uluntu, lukhulu. Kufikeleleka kuluntu, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane ulwazi oluthile oluhluke kakhulu malunga neendawo, izindlu, iicawa, iipaki ezihle, kwaye ngaloo ndlela zifumanisa indawo edibanisa nayo nayiphi na imicimbi yembali, yombhalo kunye nezobugcisa. Ngaloo nto, uphando lomenzi wezakhiwo uNatalia Bondareva luyinto engabalulekanga. Kwimisebenzi yakhe, unokufumana inkcazo yeendawo ezingama-300, iziqithi, iicawa eMoscow, kwingingqi yaseMoscow nakwiindawo ezikufutshane.
U-Natalia Bondareva uye wabandakanyeka kulo msebenzi ukususela ngo-1996 kwaye, ngokungangabazeki, ufanelwe amazwi okubulela kunye nokubulela ngezinto azenzileyo kubantwana bakhe bexesha elizayo kunye nexesha elizayo, bachaza iziza zommandla waseMoscow, iifoto zazo ezifakwe kwimithombo evulekileyo. Nabani na onokuzalisa ulwazi lwabo kule ntsimi.
Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba abantu abanjalo namhlanje bodwa, oko kuthetha ukuba indlela eya kwixesha elidlulileyo, kunye nayo-kwikamva ayivaliwe.