Amalungelo esingqongileyo kunye neemfanelo zokusingqongileyo abemi Russian Federation: iimpawu ngokubanzi, ubuhlobo

amalungelo esingqongileyo kunye neemfanelo kokusingqongileyo abemi - yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokupholisa wonke umntu yemeko osemthethweni, nto leyo isasazwa kuwo wonke umhlaba karhulumente mihla. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imisebenzi enjalo okanye zithintelo abasemzini bantu ngabemi Russia, oko kukuthi, abemi beli lizwe.

ilungelo elingundoqo: ilungelo lokuphila

amalungelo lokusingqongileyo kunye nemisebenzi abemi kubekiwe kuMgaqo-siseko Russian. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yale ubume ezi zilwanyana lilungelo lomntu ubomi - eli lungiselelo iqulethwe kwiSiqendu 20 lomThetho esiSiseko ye-Russian Federation. Ilungelo kubomi isekelwe phezu izenzo ezininzi nature kwezomthetho ngamazwe:

• Charter on Human Rights.
• Stockholm Declaration njalo njalo.

Kukho jikelele izixhobo ngamazwe, ezamkelwa yimibutho karhulumente, njengoko umthetho, omnye wamalungu okanye amasebe UN. Kunye nabo sele kukho izenzo zengingqi zomthetho, nasebenza kummandla othile kwaye eyamkelwe nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni, ezifana Council of Europe.

Omnye umthombo kwalo umqathango xa isiseko apho onke amalungelo yendalo yaye nemisebenzi abemi, na Declaration of Human Rights, owamkelwa phambi zokusekwa kwe-Russian Federation ibe karhulumente siseko geqe.

amalungelo eziphambili yendalo kunye nemisebenzi abemi awanalo ilungelo lokuba khona xa kungekho regulatory ilungelo elifakwe kumGaqo abantu ebomini.

Ilungelo lemo engqongileyo enempilo

amalungelo esingqongileyo kunye noxanduva zokusingqongileyo abemi mandatory iquka ilungelo lemo engqongileyo enempilo, nto leyo siqulethwe kwi isenzo esisiseko somthetho elawula ubume ngokusemthethweni.

Inqaku le-11 ngokuyintloko sichaza "bume". Yinto indawo enjalo yendalo, ngalo eliphethe ukusebenza ngokwendalo zendalo iimpawu, zendalo, iintlobo zezilwanyana, izityalo njalo njalo. Imeko yendalo kufuneka kwakhona bakhonze isiseko esisisiseko uphuhliso lwezibonelelo zendalo esingqongileyo, yaye athobele zonke nemigangatho emiselwe ukuba zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko yobomi impilo yabantu, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. isimo esihle yokusingqongileyo kufuneka bafezekise imigangatho ezibonakalisa ukuba izinga ukuzinza kokusingqongileyo, ukucoceka, iintlobo ngeentlobo, nobutyebi bendalo ngokubanzi.

inkqubo kwemigangatho yemo engqongileyo

amalungelo esingqongileyo kunye noxanduva kokusingqongileyo abemi ayahlonitshwa kwi imeko zonke izityholo ezazityatyekwa imigangatho, Yeyiphi le nkqubo ilandelayo (esekwe kwiSiqendu 20 lomThetho Federal "Kwi-bume."):

• imigangatho Group, yokulinganisa umgangatho lokusingqongileyo. Ngokuba imigaqo esisiseko apha kuthathwe iimpawu imichiza, umz, inqanaba ingqalelo kwezinto radioactive emoyeni. Kunye i data imichiza ngokusebenzisa izalathisi emzimbeni, ikakhulu ezifana nomgangatho radioactivity kunye nobushushu.
• imigangatho Group okuluphawu izikhombisi ngokobugcisa kokusingqongileyo. Njengoko umthetho, izalathisi kulinganiswa calculation lweentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezikhoyo. Kwakhona usebenzisa imigangatho ukuzikisa ingqondo eliphezulu ngokuvunywe izinto eziphilayo kokusingqongileyo.
• Imilinganiselo iqela lesithathu zinikwe zobugcisa. 23 loMthetho, kwaye lubonakala ngokuba sesichengeni kuvumelekile ukuba indalo, oko kukuthi, ibala izalathi si zokunikwa ezikhutshwayo kuvumelekile kwezinto; ukubunjwa yokusebenzisa ze ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezingasafunekiyo; imigangatho uvakalelo ngokomzimba kokusingqongileyo.
• Izalathi si zokunikwa umthwalo anthropogenic kokusingqongileyo.
• Okunye sivumelekile iparameters zizalwa anokuthi ebekwe yimithetho yase Russian Federation.

Kukho kwakhona imimiselo ekhusela amalungelo yendalo kunye nemisebenzi abemi Russia, ndingenabo obam nolwalamano ngqo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Isikakhulu, eli qela imilinganiselo enxulumene nokusebenza uyenziwa kwicandelo iinkonzo yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Kwakhona, kukho imida ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye nempembelelo yawo kamva elibi kokusingqongileyo. imigangatho yolawulo iintlobo Yahlula ngumsebenzi yokukhupha iimvume ukuphumeza iintlobo ezithile zomsebenzi ezinxulumene intsebenziswano esebenzayo kunye nokusingqongileyo.

ilungelo lokufumana ulwazi yabemi

amalungelo esingqongileyo kunye neemfanelo kokusingqongileyo njengabemi njengento ebalulekileyo ilungelo ukunika abahlali karhulumente kulwazi kokusingqongileyo, kwakunye nemeko yayo. Eyona umthetho Russia Inqaku la-24 lithi wonke ummi unelungelo lokufikelela ezo izinto ezichaphazela ngqo amalungelo abo kunye nenkululeko, nokuba yinto yokulawula isenzo wengingqi okanye uhlobo isenzo zokunyanzelisa, umzekelo, isigqibo senkundla.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba amalungelo afanayo yendalo kunye nemisebenzi abemi Isalathisi ngokulufaneleyo uphuhliso karhulumente mihla, ukususela kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, zonke iingxaki zokusingqongileyo wakha khona kweli lizwe, baye engqongwe yi vu ayigungqi. Okwangoku imeko ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo esahlukileyo, njengoko siseko Russian Federation kwi amagosa kufuneka abe noxanduva esisemthethweni yokuzifihla izibakala kunye neemeko ezibeka engozini impilo kunye nobomi abemi.

Enye inkalo ilungelo ulwazi ukhuseleko kunye nokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kulwazi, emxelela malunga neziphumo kwiingozi zokusingqongileyo; siveza ulwazi malunga nokhuseleko kamasipala ochaphazelekayo njalo-njalo. Ulwazi olu hlobo ayikwazi ukuba ubume "ulwazi okumisele imo. imfihlo ", ngokulandelelanayo, yaye ukufikelela kubo ngeke ibe yelinganiselweyo. Ngaphambili ezichazwe ngasentla iinkcukacha zafakwa phantsi "Kuba Official Sebenzisa kuphela." Ekubeni ezi ndidi maxwebhu ziyafumaneka kwakhona kuphela iindidi ezithile zabasebenzi bakarhulumente, ukuze aziyi kuqwalaselwa ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo yaye sivulelekile ukuba le ngcaciso kubo bonke abemi.

Iindlela yokuphumeza ilungelo lokufumana ulwazi

amalungelo lokusingqongileyo kunye nemisebenzi zabemi ngokufutshane nalawulwa kuphela ngumGaqo-siseko, kodwa ngamanye NPA, kubandakanywa umthetho "Kwi ulwazi", ebandakanya iindlela ezilandelayo ukuphumeza ilungelo ulwazi:

1. Uphononongo kweenkcukacha lwemithombo yoluntu ukufikelela simahla. Okokuqala, bonke abasebenzisi kufuneka ngokomthetho ukulingana malunga nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo; Okwesibini, akukho namnye abasebenzisi ekungalindelekanga ukuba ingxelo malunga nenjongo kunye nesisekelo yonke ingcaciso ayifumene enikiweyo. Le ngaphandle kuphela lulwazi okumisele efihlakeleyo karhulumente, waza ezithathwa.
2. Ngokusebenzisa imibutho yolawulo loluntu kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni ukuba nangokomyinge abantu bayafikelela kulwazi. Ukufumana ulwazi oluthile, umbutho unelungelo okusasaza ulwazi malunga nemeko yokusingqongileyo phakathi iindimbane.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kolwazi loluntu abaninzi ngokusebenzisa lombutho umsebenzi amalungu karhulumente. amandla kunye wengingqi self-government. Upolnomochennnye Kunyanzelekile ukuba ukudala imithombo ulwazi lendawo, kwakunye lokulawula imibutho phantsi kwi ulwazi ngokusingqongileyo.
4. Isibheno iinkundla ukuze akhusele ilungelo lokufumana ulwazi.
5. Esebenzisa ukuphunyezwa ilungelo loo mntu ukuba yembuyekezo lomonakalo ezibangelwa ukusilela ukunika ingcaciso malunga nokusingqongileyo okanye data eziphosakeleyo.

Ilungelo lokubhena enkundleni ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo

Environmental amalungelo nezibophelelo zabemi Russian Federation kumGaqo-siseko karhulumente yaye ibandakanya ubuncinane, ilungelo wonke ummi - ilungelo lokufaka isibheno enkundleni ukukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko.

Le igunya elinikwe:

• Ukuqinisekisa umgaqo semthethweni, leyo wongamele lonke postulates kuzo zonke iinkalo komthetho, ngaleyo ndlela linikeze isiqinisekiso ndaneliseke imigangatho ezibhengeziweyo.
• Ukukhusela Isimo ngokomthetho abemi ngaphakathi ubume babo zomthetho kokusingqongileyo.
• Kuqatshelwe amalungelo abemi 'ukuba umonakalo ngenxa yezenzo ezingekho mthethweni lwabantu eligunyazisiweyo uxanduva ukukhusela indawo ethile ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo.
• Regulation yomsebenzi lwemizimba enkundla kunye neemfanelo zabo ukukhusela amalungelo abemi '.

Ilungelo nowokunceda

Enye into, eziquka amalungelo yendalo kunye nemisebenzi abemmi Russian Federation, ilungile abemi 'ukuba imbuyekezo, leyo ilungiselelwe ngokunxulumene owayeze zokuphula kokusingqongileyo. Eli lungelo ezisisigxina Art. 42 loMgaqo-siseko Russian. Ngenxa yoko, i ngakumbi ilungelo nowokunceda enikwe kuMthetho Federal "Kwi-bume", nto leyo ithi ukuba nawuphi na umntu kwimeko umonakalo kwisistim eziphilayo kufuneka imbuyekezo umonakalo obangelwe ngokupheleleyo. Isiphumo wokwenzakala ungaboniswa ngolu hlobo:

• ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo jikelele;
• kwamanani kwemithombo yendalo esingqongileyo;
• umonakalo nokutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zendalo;
• ukusetyenziswa enethuba lwezixhobo zokusebenza zendalo;
• ukuthotywa nokonakaliswa iinkqubo zendalo, izakhiwo kunye nenkangeleko yendalo;
• benze ezinye iintlobo amatyala, ezinikezelwa yi-federal, urhulumente wengingqi imithetho bume nemvelo engqongileyo.

amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi abemi Russia Environmental bathi umonakalo ngenxa imisebenzi okanye ezinye izinto, iya kubalwa ngokungqinelana nemithetho ethile. Kuxhomekeka kummandla oko ubalwe iteksi evunyiweyo okanye ezinye iindlela zokubala umonakalo kokusingqongileyo. Ukuba azikho bona, ngoko ke iyunithi ithathwa isixa esifunekayo ukubuyisa iindleko kanye yokubuyiselwa wendalo. Kulo mzekelo, inokuba kwakhona zithathelwe ingqalelo ekungenwe ilahleko kunye nelahleko yenzuzo.

Imbuyekezo lingahlawulwa nokuba ngokuzithandela okanye ngokungqinelana nasiphi na isigqibo Ephakamileyo weNkundla yoLamlo kwesi sifundo. Yonke imiba enxulumene imbuyiselo ngenxa yomonakalo, kwakunye namanye amalungelo yendalo kunye nemisebenzi abemi zilawulwa yi-siseko Russian Federation, Federal uMthetho "Kwi-bume", i-Code zoLwaphulo kunye Code Administrative, kwakunye nezinye NPA.

Nelungelo lokuhlela

Ubukhulu becala amalungelo yendalo kunye nemisebenzi abemmi Russian Federation ishwankathelwe kumgaqo-siseko. Olu xwebhu olumisiweyo, kunye nezinye iimpawu, kunye njengomnye amalungelo abewamemeza abemi ilungelo ukuseka imibutho, iziseko kunye neminye imibutho engekho-ezorhwebo, nto leyo abagunyaziswe ukuba benze imisebenzi ngokhuselo bume eziphilayo.

Injongo yokudalwa imibutho ezinjalo - ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo ukususela nokungena mthethweni kwi inxalenye neminye imibutho kunye nabantu. Ngaphezu koko, le mibutho i uhlobo lolawulo zoluntu nokugcina imithetho yokusingqongileyo. Le mibutho nabo banelungelo lokubhena ukuya enkundleni ukwenzela ukuba kuthintelwe amatyala kunye nezibophelelo evisisana kwi ukupheliswa nomonakalo kwipropati.

Imisebenzi abemi Russian Federation entsimini mthetho lokusingqongileyo

Isimo ngokomthetho wonke ummi weli lizwe iquka amalungelo nje kuphela kodwa kwakhona imisebenzi ethile. amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi abemi kunye nemibutho zabo belingana ilungelo lemo engqongileyo enempilo Environmental ziquka isinyanzelo sokulondoloza.

Imisebenzi ebekwa yimeko kwaye zinxulunyaniswa imithetho ethile yokuziphatha. Ukuwiswa womgaqo wokuziphatha ezinxulumene neemfuno evela kuluntu kunye nemfuneko ulawulo elithile nobudlelwane kwezentlalo. iimpawu ngokubanzi amalungelo yendalo kunye neemfanelo zabemi iquka njengemfanelo indlela eyiyo yokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zendalo, isibophelelo ukubuyisela eziphilayo aphazamiseke izilwanyana nezityalo, kuba ekuthinteleni ukunyhashwa kokusingqongileyo, njalo njalo. Uluhlu ezisisiseko imisebenzi kubemi Russia imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• imfuneko ukuhlawula iirhafu kunye nemirhumo, ezo ezisisigxina Tax Code of the Russian Federation kwaye yimfuneko mali ngempumelelo amanyathelo okukhusela nokubuyisela nemvelo;
• bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi kwi Environmental Protection Agency, ngokuba ukubuyiselwa kwalo;
• ukuthobela nemigangatho yobulunga lokusingqongileyo, iimfuno zomthetho, imithetho nesempilweni-epidemiological, ukunika ukhuseleko ngexesha uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi, imisetyenzana yoqoqosho enxulumene eziphila komhlaba;
• nande nokukhusela ubutyebi bendalo nobutyebi;
• ukuba bathathe inxaxheba yemfundo ngokusingqongileyo ye isizukulwana esitsha, ukuphakamisa ukuqondwa eziphilayo labantu;
• ukuthobela imithetho yokusingqongileyo;
• ukukhusela kwinkangeleko yendalo;
• enze imithetho yokusingqongileyo ukuthobela imiqathango zokusingqongileyo;
• ukusebenzisa indawo kunye nomthetho zokusingqongileyo, abanganxibanga umonakalo kokusingqongileyo.

Yenza imisebenzi eyabelwe ebonelelwe izohlwayo, ezo nayo ezibekwe ngurhulumente. Kwimeko zokugxojwa ulawulo lomthetho isohlwayo yi fine yolawulo isicelo ukuba ngummi, kwakunye nengalo yomthetho. Nawuphi na umlinganiselo koxanduva olunyanzeliswayo ngesigqibo okanye nesigwebo senkundla.

Ubudlelwane lwamalungelo yendalo kunye noxanduva

Ubudlelwane lwamalungelo yendalo kunye neemfanelo zabemi ikakhulu kubonakala kwinto yokuba, kunye, ezi zinto zenza Isimo ngokomthetho wonke ummi kwisigaba yokusingqongileyo. Le mbono, yaye okwesibini, yinxalenye yale meko jikelele esisemthethweni ummi ngamnye Russia nabemi bamanye amazwe, abantu abangenambuso, njalo-njalo.

Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba naliphi na ilungelo ngummi luxanduva karhulumente, ukungathotyelwa-ngayo ithetha umlinganiselo sezomthetho kusebenza kula magosa. Kanye efanayo njengoko non-inzaliseko imisebenzi ephathiswe ummi unika urhulumente ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukwayo ezithile zomthetho.