Izenzakalo Optical: imizekelo. UkuKhanya, isanga, izibane emantla, umnyama

Le ndoda - yinkosi ukwakha iinqaba esantini. Noko ke, nto ibonisa ukuba ukuya Mother Nature kude. Ingcaphephe oluvela kuThixo iyakwazi ukuvuleka inkohliso ezinjalo ezingqondweni zethu esusa umoya wakho kude! Kodwa akukho nokuba ngomlingo wabonakala nesenzeko enombala, imizekelo apho siza kujonga, ukuba akukho phantasmagoria, ngenxa ukuhamba iinkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni. emoyeni imitha yokukhanya inhomogeneous Umhlaba kaThixo baphikele, ebangela ukukhohlisa host. Kodwa ngaba unokuyithelekelela ihlabathi ngaphandle ngamaphupha nemibono? Wayeza kuba izimvi kangaka ...

Ukukhanya nombala

Ethetha ngeziganeko enombala, ukukhanya kunye kwiifom ubona isizukulwana abantu gxininisa ukuba imibala kuvela kwi emoyeni ngenxa yokuba ukukhanya emhlophe ngethuba intsebenziswano imathiriyeli emoyeni yohlulwe amacandelo (omoya). Le yokusabela ikhutshwa phandle enye zintathu iintlobo ezisisiseko: reflection, refraction (refraction) kunye diffraction.

Xa sithetha ngalo spectrum, cinga ngendlela ukufundisa umntwana wakho ukuba ukukhumbula indibaniselwano umbala bands, nto leyo edlula umqadi ngazo zokunganyangeki medium. Inceda ibinzana elula: "Wonk '(ebomvu) Hunter (Orange) linqwenela (etyheli) ukwazi (green), apho (blue) ahlale (blue) IsiGaba (purple)".

Bonakalisa lokukhanya livela kwamaza yesibini nasekwandiseni ukususela kumda eendaba ezimbini emva medium yokuqala. Refraction - refraction semitha kumda phakathi eendaba ezimbini. Diffraction - yokuveza ukukhanya fluxes okuqinileyo, amathontsi ulwelo, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezikhoyo apha emoyeni. Konke oku kwaye kukho isizathu esifumileyo Yonke "inkohliso enombala ngayo." Imizekelo ndityebile, evela ezulwini blue, mirages kunye umnyama ukuba sezigidi zobuxoki kunye nezibonda elanga.

reflection yangaphakathi

izenzakalo Optical yemvelo - an icandelo ebalulekileyo, ufanelwe ukufunda nzulu. Ngoko ke kuya kuqhubeka. Bonakalisa kwenzeka xa reyi ukukhanya esiwa kwindawo ogudileyo uze ubuye kwi-engile angenayo. Le nto ichaza imvelaphi imibala: emhlophe, ezinye lula ngakumbi wendele kwaye ziboniswe kunabanye. Ngokomzekelo, into leyo ebonakala ukuba umbala oluhlaza ubonakala kwabo kuba lubamba zonke ubude wave ukukhanya emhlophe, ngaphandle eluhlaza, lokubonakala.

Enye indlela - umfanekiso lwangaphakathi - badla ekuchazeni iziganeko ezamehlo. Ukukhanya ungena umzimba ngaphaya emzimbeni (material), ezifana drop ngamanzi, ngalo umphezulu olungaphandle embilwini sele kukhanya. Emva koko, okwesibini - umbandela. umbala umnyama ukuba ngokuyinxenye zichazwe ngokwemigaqo reflection lwangaphakathi.

Rainbow-arc

Rainbow - buyinto nako kwenzeka xa ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nemvula adityaniswa ngendlela ethile. Imisebe yokukhanya kwelanga zahlulwe phakathi imibala sibona umnyama, xa kungena emvula. Oku kwenzeka xa umqadi ngesiganeko endleleni emhlabeni "imvula" kwi imo yekona elithile, imibala abazakluleyo (white ukukhanya ibe kuluhlu), yaye sibona eqaqambileyo, umnyama festive, ngokungathi ingxilimbela semi-setyhula kwebhulorho.

Kubonakala neyantlukwano bands egosogoso ayoneke ngqo phezulu. umthombo esikhupha umlilo uya kusoloko ngasemva kwethu; ukubona ngoko nangoko ilanga ecacileyo ubuhle umnyama, akakwazi (ngaphandle xa zisetyenziselwa le njongo, isipili). Ziyenzeka na yayintsha eNyangeni. Xa moonlit ebusuku eqaqambileyo, ungabona umnyama 'fan' kufutshane Selena.

Xa kukho phantse akakwazi ukubona nto, zisebenza kakhulu ukulimala ziiphotoreceptor ekukhanyeni iliso yabantu - "izinti". Kuyokwenzeka ukuba nekarbhunkolo-eluhlaza yinxalenye spectrum, eminye imibala "musa kubona." Ngenxa yoko, umnyama ebonakala ezimhlophe. Xa zokukhanya zinokukhuliswa, ehlobene "iikhowuni", ngokusebenzisa ezi kwalapho arc ikhangeleka ezimibalabala ngakumbi.

isanga

On Earth sibona inxalenye kuphela wesangqa rainbow zaseprayimari. Ukukhanya liphantsi ngumfanekiso omnye. Ezintabeni ungabona umnyama setyhula. Ngaba uyazi ukuba "ubuhle" ngu ezimbini okanye ezintathu? Rainbow, wadubula phezu umnyama, eqaqambileyo kangako yaye "endaweni" (kuba oko kubonisa lokuqala). Ityala wesithathu, apho umoya crystal ecacileyo ngaphaya (umz, iintaba). kakhulu kuba intlekisa njengesiqhelo.

Isanga - phenomenon Optical ukuba ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba zesiqhelo. ERashiya, inqabile kakhulu. Lonke ixesha khuluma ilizwi magic, siye sikhumbule welivo wenqanawa ghost "I Flying umDatshi". Ngokutsho legend, umthetheli-mthetho uza kulinywa neelwandle de ukufika yesibini.

Kwaye nantsi enye, "i umDatshi". Flying waba Cruiser "ukubujika ubuso", zitshone ngoDisemba 1941 kude nonxweme Ceylon. It wabona "close kakhulu," eli qela le "umthengisi 'amaNgesi ezantsi enqanaweni, kuba kuloo mmandla Maldives. Enyanisweni, iinqanawa bahlukaniswa iikhilomitha 900!

Fata Morgana

"I Flying umDatshi" kunye nabanye - ngezimanga enombala, imizekelo cohort mirages emangalisayo "Fata Morgana" (igama emva Heroine British amaqhawe). ziyenzeka okungaqhelekanga okubonakalayo yintlanganisela ngeendlela ezininzi. Esibhakabhakeni baseka ezintsonkothileyo, umfanekiso neziguquka ngokukhawuleza. Ujonge ezilunga ngaphaya kunina, kubonakala ngathi, ungaya crazy, ngoko ke 'etheni ".

Imimangaliso zingumvuka weemeko esesibhakabhakeni kungaba ukudida nabani. Ngakumbi ezifana kuyimbonakalo "maleko amanzi" entlango okanye kwindlela eshushu eyabangelwa refraction semitha. Abantwana nje kuphela, kodwa abantu abadala kusinda imvakalelo ukuba izilwanyana, amaqula, imithi, izakhiwo zikho ngokwenene. Kodwa, maye!

Ukukhanya udlula kweemaleko edyokhweni lashushu emoyeni, ukudala uhlobo umfanekiso 3D. Mirazhi zithe (ezikude moya ngaphezulu kuthatha uhlobo amanzi open), kwicala (ecaleni kwenzeka kumphezulu kakhulu shushu nkqo), chrono (lokuyivelisa iziganeko elidlulileyo).

izibane

Xa sicinga ngoko ke ezintweni woqondo, akunakwenzeka ukuba athi malunga northern (polar) kokukhanya. Kuye iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili: iirozeti ezintle ekhanya kwaye amabala efana amafu. Ukukhanya okukhulu, njengokuba umthetho, "tape". Kuyenzeka ukuba umbala bands ezikhanyayo befile abaphili, kwaye lwaphulwa abameleyo.

In komkhusane ezimnyama isithuba wasezulwini, njengoko umthetho, nangabo kwicala ukusuka empuma kuye entshona. "Flex" uyakwazi ukufikelela amawaka eekhilomitha ububanzi ezininzi ezilikhulu - phezulu. Asiyonto tight, kodwa "umqobo" zingcakacile, ngalo iinkwenkwezi kuqaqambile. enhle kakhulu.

Ungqameko olungezantsi i "kweqonga" amaso, abe ukuba yingqombela, nokuba nombala pink, ngokungathi phezulu unyityilikiswa ebumnyameni, kangangokuba waziva kakuhle depth eziKhawulezayo indawo. Siza uxoxe ngeentlobo ezine ngeengqimba.

Isakhiwo eyohlobo olulodwa

Good, imilo elula kukhanye ezantsi eqaqambileyo kwakhawuleza phezulu, ekuthiwa arc eyohlobo olulodwa; esebenzayo, iselula, kunye pleats ecikizekileyo kunye nemisinga - arc unyulu. Akhanya ezibayeni, idlulela (omkhulu amancinci), ebizwa ngokuba 'band unyulu. "

Kwaye uhlobo lwesine - xa ndawo Imihlubulo kunye ephambuka kuba kukhulu kakhulu. Emva kokuba umsebenzi ukuvalwa tape abaphumelela isakhiwo efanayo. Ekukholelwa ukuba ukufana - ipropati esisiseko "ngoBekekileyo." Imihlubulo kuvela kuphela ngexesha yokukhulisa umsebenzi komoya.

Kukho nezinye iziganeko ezamehlo. Imizekelo hayi anqanda kuluhlu ngezantsi. Soqobo - izibane, esinika yonke le chap polar ke ukukhanya ezimhlophe-eluhlaza. Oku kwenziwa ngasezantsi kunye nezibonda kumntla Umhlaba, Iceland, Norway kunye t. D. Le meko kuvela ukukhutshwa magnetized aphezulu ungqameko yeegesi wadibana amasuntswana umoya solar ebizwayo (ngoko ekuthiwa isithuba plasma nencindi kwi kuhambe helium kunye hydrogen).

Pro iinqaba ukukhanya sinokuthetha oku kulandelayo: ukuba basoloko iintsuku ezibandayo, esebenza kakhulu.

Elm St. izithsaba emaphikweni eluhlaza halo

Kukho nezinye iziganeko ezamehlo. Umzekelo, halo, isahlakalo oludityaniswe kunye ziikristale ice kwasekwa emoyeni. Ukusuka rainbow kwenza usasazeko (ukwandiswa macandelo ukukhanya), uye kuphela ziwise, yaye isakhiwo esiluqilima ngumkhenkce.

Ngumnyama onjenge omnye komnye, ngenxa yokusithwa ayafana, baya kuphela abakwazi kuwa. Galo uye amakhulu iintlobo, njengoko ziikristale ezahlukene kakhulu "nimble": i hambisa, ngoko ozibiyele, ngoko nowashiywa ukuya Umhlaba.

Waphupha kwakhona 'ukulahlekiswa ", ungabona ilanga mbumbulu (ilanga inja) okanye umlilo St. Elmo. "Hlala" yokugqibela phezu yeepali iinqanawa, iziciko ezibukhali izakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Eyimfihlakalo akunanto yakwenza nayo. Le ukubhobhoza zombane emoyeni. Udla kwenzeka ngexesha izaqhwithi okanye sandstorm (xa amasuntswana ukuba umbane).

Abafoti uthando ukubamba "flash green" (flash ngaphezu ilanga kunye refraction semitha elundini). Kungcono ukuba zifake kwiindawo ezivulekileyo, xa imozulu obuzolileyo. Kodwa nezithsaba (diffraction ukukhanya) zibonakala ngokucacileyo xa amafu indawo enkungwini (amakhonkco eziqaqambileyo malunga izibane imoto yakho - oku izizithsaba), kwaye isibhakabhaka umkhusane amafu. Xa inkungu zamathontsana ocoliweyo izangqa mihle ngakumbi. Xa inkungu sikhula - ukuba nelula. Ngoko ke, ukunciphisa inani amakhonkco umnyama kuthathwa umqondiso yemozulu embi. Kungaba umhlaba omkhulu - ngezenzeko optical! Le mizekelo siye sahlaziya - nje isesisiqalo. Ukwazi malunga la, singakwazi ukuchaza ngokwenzululwazi nayiphi engekhoyo komoya.