Amathambo alo mlenze eliphezulu. nemilenze umsebenzi skeletal

Ngexesha Ukudaleka imilenze ngamathambo abantu eqhaqhwe utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, imilenze, ukwenza, ukuqinisekisa ulondolozo umzimba kwindawo tye kunye nokuxhasa umsebenzi intshukumo, Izandla zakhe ziye zibe iimpahla zabasebenzi. Okulandelayo, cinga ngakumbi amathambo kwesebe eliphezulu: isakhiwo kunye imisebenzi lenza.

Overview

Amathambo kwesebe eliphezulu yabantu ngexesha phylogeny ufumene ukuhamba omkhulu. Ngenxa kubukho clavicle, enika uqhagamshelwano amathambo izandla nomzimba, abantu bayakwazi ukwenza iintshukumo kakhulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, kuhlangani- kwi free eliphezulu amathambo omzimba abe joint enokususwa kunye nabanye. Oku kuyinyaniso ingakumbi kwingingqi ngesandla yengalo. umsebenzi skeletal ye imilenze ephezulu kukho ebanzi ngokwaneleyo. Izandla apha naphaya iintlobo entsonkothileyo engqesho. Ngenxa inani elikhulu amathambo kunye namalungu, iminwe uyakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo ukusuka ebhaliweyo naziphi na iindlela ibandla. Foot, osebenza intshukumo yomzimba kunye nenkxaso komzimba isithuba, iquka ithambo omkhulu ngakumbi nepeni. ukuhamba kwazo ngokunxulumene nganye enye kangako. Amathambo of imilenze ephezulu nesezantsi senziwa kwisicwangciso ngokubanzi. Oku kuquka iinxalenye ezimbini.

esiphelweni aphezulu asemzimbeni: amathambo ibhanti

Le uhlanganisa:

• Scapula. Oku thaca ngokohlobo thambo elingunxantathu flat. edge amathathu emi incakuba. Ngokukodwa, kukho inxalenye osecaleni, medial kunye eliphezulu. Kwakhona kukho amathathu engile maliwe. One - ephantsi, okwesibini - medial, kwaye eyesithathu - lateral, ngokulandelelana. I-blade nemelene kwicala elingasemva esifubeni. Le elime kule ngingqi phakathi iimbambo-II VII. Kule ingxenye ekhoyo glenoid kwisisu. Isetyenziswa ukudibanisa ukuya collarbone. Phezu ngasemva ikhaba lubonwa Buze. Kubhaliwe elise yokuxazulula. Le Buze nto awn vane wokwahlula supraspinatus kunye fossa infraspinatus.
• Collarbone. Oku thaca ngokohlobo i amathambo tubular ezimilise S-. Kuyo kukho ezimbini ekupheleni - igxalaba (acromion) kunye breastbone, nomzimba. Clavicle kuphela element apho amathambo kwesebe eliphezulu edibene ubume yomzimba womntu. ekupheleni Sternal yabantu abangakwaziyo iphangalele kuni. Achaza nge isiphatho kwentamo. ekupheleni igxalaba Flat liqhagamshelene igxalaba.

Isigaba sesibini

It amathambo kwesebe eliphezulu ibandakanya ngesandla, inyuke iye negxalaba element. Umbuzo wokugcina imelwe amathambo omnye - ihumerus. Brush iquka umnwe yokuhlasela, metacarpus kunye esihlahleni. Le ngesa- umahluko phakathi izinto ezimbini. Ibonisa ulna kunye radius.

ihumerus

Oku thaca ngokohlobo enelungu elide tubular. E ukwahlula diaphysis ithambo (body) 2 kunye epiphysis (isiphelo): eliphezulu nengasezantsi. Eyokuqala i intloko articular ajikelezayo. Inceda uqhagamshele igxalaba. Isiphelo eliphezulu siyahlukana emzimbeni esebenzisa entanyeni yokwakheka. Ngezantsi kuyo ibekwe kwi hillocks engaphandle ecaleni (indawo) - ezincinane nezinkulu. Bona ezahlulwe sisithuba kukho umsantsa. Isahlulo iingqameko emzimbeni ezikufutshane entloko, obizwa ngokuba "entanyeni yotyando." Phezu lirhabaxa kumphezulu ithambo ukhona. Usebenzela isayithi uncamathiselo kwemisipha deltoid. Le epiphysis esezantsi iyayandisa lube condyle. Inceda ukuba uqhagamshele kunye embindini kunye ulna amathambo.

ngesa-

Kule nxalenye amathambo kwesebe eliphezulu kuquka imiba emibini:

• Ulna. Kuxhomekeke ecaleni kumphezulu ngaphakathi kwi ecaleni Ucikicane (V umnwe). Isiphelo esisemantla ilungu omkhulu ngakumbi. Kukho inkqubo ezimbini: uyibhekise umva phambi - coronal. Zahlula trochlear nenotshi ukudibanisa ukuya ithambo egxalabeni. I engaphandle (sclerosis) ecaleni inkqubo coronoid iqulathe ahlabayo iphiramidi. It yakha kunye kwisangqa. Ekupheleni esezantsi ulna yakha intloko. It ukwahlula umphezulu articular in uhlobo isangqa ukuba uqhagamshelwano kwi ulnar nenotshi kwi element umqadi. Ngomhla yangaphakathi (medial) icala udlula inkqubo styloid.
• ithambo ziqu. Oku thaca ngokohlobo enelungu elide tubular. Radius akunika ecaleni kumphezulu engaphandle a (lokuqala) pin enkulu. ukuphela kwayo eliphezulu oyile imilo intloko zezindlu. Kuyinto ekhoyo glenoid fossa kunye isangqa. Iziphelo eliphezulu embindini kunye ulna amathambo baxakeke ekubunjweni welungu. Inxalenye esezantsi inophawu inotshi ulnar, inkqubo styloid le osecaleni. Kukho kwakhona langoku carpal articular komhlaba. Icala esezantsi radius kunye ulna amathambo zenza joint kwisihlahla kunye kumqolo ophezulu amathambo carpal.

ibrashi

Amathambo alo mlenze eliphezulu kule ndawo limelwe amathambo izihlahla, metacarpus neminwe. Ummandla lokuqala imikrozo emibini ngethambo elifutshane nomsi- (abane ngalinye). Amathambo sosana Ibeke. Okwicala elingaphezulu kumqolo wokuqala liqhagamshelaniswe ithambo iphiramidi, ngenxa umphezulu articular. Inxalenye esezantsi yesibini isiseko iqhaganyishelwe kule element metacarpal. Metacarpus zimelwe amathambo ezintlanu mfutshane tubular. Ithatyathwa ukususela ekuqaleni ubhontsi. Intloko langoku ngethambo ngamnye metacarpal, kunye umzimba esisiseko. Into yokuqala sicaciswa ukuya kolungaphezulu kweloo yokuhlasela umnwe. Yokuhlasela amele tubular iziqalelo ithambo elifutshane. Bayibonisa intloko, isiseko kunye nomzimba. Iziqalelo ezimbini zokuqala ahluka kumphezulu articular. Phezulu kwe phalanges, le segimenti a isiphambuka kunye nentloko amathambo pasterns ezifanelekileyo, ukusuka asezantsi nalawo aphakathi - kunye emantla (proximal) yokuhlasela. Nasesithupheni kukho ezimbini amathambo elide, abanye - ezintathu.

iimpawu Ubudala zophuhliso: ibhanti bone

Zonke izinto ifakiwe amathambo kwesebe eliphezulu, ngaphandle clavicle, zibe kwisigaba nokuqina, intlala, ithambo.

• Lopatka. indawo wayo osemqoka kwamathambo ilele phezu ngenyanga yesibini Palsy. Ukusuka kule ndawo yokuphuhlisa umqolo kunye nomzimba ingxenye. Ekupheleni konyaka 1st wobomi kwi coracoid wayimisela icandelo elizimeleyo Ukuqina, kwaye kwiminyaka 15-18 - oko senziwa acromion. E 15-19, inkqubo coracoid coalesces nge nefolokhwe.
• Collarbone. Ukuqina yayo kwenzeka kwangoko ngokwaneleyo. Eli candelo lidlulisela amathambo - nokuqina - step. kwiveki 6-7-th. ngaphakathi kwindawo isizalo kwamathambo ibonakala. Le ibekwe esizikithini kulithatha nokuqina. Le nxalenye ibunjiwe clavicle acromial ekupheleni umzimba, nto leyo kuzalwa yenziwa phantse nocatshulo kwezihlunu ithambo. Njengenxalenye yale intlala kwentamo yenziwe. Ukuqina kwe ngumongo kubonakala ukuba iminyaka 16-18 kuphela, nto leyo ihlanganiswa ithambo kumzimba iminyaka 20-25.
• Kwamagxa. Le epiphysis proximal yi ukuyilwa amanqaku kwamathambo lesibini: iindulana ezinkulu nezincinane ukuya we-1-5, kwaye intloko idla 1 ngonyaka wobomi. Xa ndandineminyaka eli-iilitha 3-7. Kuyinto fusion zabo, yaye iminyaka 13-25 - ukujoyina i diaphysis. Inxalenye distal le kwamathambo epiphysis kwakhiwa ukuya kwiminyaka-5 yobomi, lo epicondyle osecaleni - ukuya 4-6, lo medial - ku 4-11. Ngo 13-21, yonke inxalenye ihlanganiswa le diaphysis.

midsection

• Ulna. Kwiminyaka 7-14, kwi proximal epiphysis kwamathambo point akumiselweyo. Ukusuka uqala olecranon, akhoyo trochlear lweenotshi. Iminyaka 3-14 kuyilwa iindawo kwamathambo kwi epiphysis distal. Ukwandisa, ijwabu ithambo yenza inkqubo styloid kunye nentloko. Fusion le epiphysis proximal umzimba lwenzeka 13-20 kunyaka th, distal - 15-25 m.
• Radius. Ngeminyaka 2.5-10 wabeka inxalenye Ukuqina kwe epiphysis proximal. Diaphysis fusion ukuba yenzeke kule minyaka 13-25.

Development of izinto brush

• Sosana. Emva kokuzalwa iqala indlela Ukuqina kwe intlala. K-th ngonyaka 1-2 wobomi kwi hamate kunye kwamathambo bone capitate ngongoma luqokelelane kwi-3 - unxantathu, 4 - lunate, 5 - navicular, 6-7-m - trapezoid, ngomhla we-8 - ku pisiform.
• Pastern. amathambo Bookmark ngokwakha le nxalenye kwenzeka kwangoko kunokuba bekunjalo esihlahleni. Zone of kwamathambo kwi diaphysis walala iiveki 9-10 zophuhliso osandul, ngaphandle wethambo yokuqala. It isabelo owawubumbela kwiiveki 10-11. Ummandla kwamathambo epiphysis kuvela phakathi kweenyanga ezili-10. kunye neminyaka 7. Ngeminyaka 15-25 kukho fusion le diaphysis kunye nentloko ithambo metacarpal.
• Yokuhlasela. Point lwemizimba kwamathambo elements distal kuvela phakathi kwinyanga yesibini zophuhliso osandul, proximal - encotsheni, noluphakathi - ekupheleni kwenyanga yesithathu. Le ndlela yokuhlasela lwenxalenye isiseko kuvela phakathi kweenyanga ezi-5. kunye neminyaka 7. Le isongezo sika umzimba lwenzeka kunyaka 14-21.

Amathambo kwesebe eliphezulu unalo isakhiwo elukhuni apho kazhdyyelement lidlala indima.