Amathanga British

Amathanga British - kwiindawo ezininzi ehlabathini lonke aye kuthinjwa, esithathwe ngaphantsi Protectorate okanye iindlela ezithile ezifunyenwe phakathi kwiinkulungwane-16 neye-18, enye kwezi emphaya zinamandla ngaphambili - zamaNgesi.

Injongo kuphuhliso yayo indawo. Ngeli xesha, kwakukho ukhuphiswano womelele imithombo yobutyebi kunye neemarike ezinokuba abavelisi phakathi iBritani kunye izitha zayo yelizwekazi - iSpain, France neHolland. Ebudeni bolawulo Queen Elizabeth I bancama iinkampani zasekwa eTurkey, eRashiya, eMpuma Indies, ayihlola kunxweme North America.

Kukholelwa yi mbali, ukwandiswa lwengingqi lizwe yaqala kunye mzuzu xa Elizabeth I unikwe ilungelo azithandayo, Nkosi Walter Raleigh ukuseka amathanga IsiNgesi e North America.

Ekuqaleni umgaqo-nkqubo bukhosi yayisekelwe kuphela kwiimbono mercantilist. E Stewart, uYakobi I noCharles mna, kunye Oliver Cromwell kaThixo ubukhosi zokwakha ngokusekelwe schemes zorhwebo, kwacaca ngakumbi. balance kakuhle kurhwebo (yokungenisa-kwamanye amazwe) kwakucingwa ukuba ukunika ubutyebi ayimfuneko ukwanda kunye nokulondolozwa bukhosi.

Ngowe-1707, emva kokuba ubunye England Scotland ibe single njengombuso ozimeleyo, amathanga ezininzi Great Britain (kubandakanywa yangaphambili Scottish) yaba isiseko koBukhosi odumileyo.

zokuhlala British phesheya lokuQala Kwasekwa e-Ireland. Lokufakwa yenkqubo lizwe lwaqhutywa phantsi Oliver Cromwell. Emva iimfazwe ngempumelelo kunye Dutch, isiFrentshi kunye iSpanish ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, iBritani wakwazi ukulawula uninzi kunxweme esempuma North America, Pool St. Lawrence River e Canada, Bermuda, ummandla eWest Indies kunye Afrika ukuba bathenge amakhoboka kunye ukuze bazuze zintshula eIndiya.

Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi bonke Wales kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo le ndawo yokuqala IsiNgesi ukususela kwikota akuthethi kwezilwandle.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo amakoloni yaseBritani America elahlekileyo. Nangona kwafunyanwa Australia ukuba kusebenze uhlobo imbuyekezo, ekubeni ngopfu-ngopfu amazwe bakhonza ikakhulu njengendawo ekuthinjweni ngenxa madoda, kodwa ke le ilahleko iphenjelelwa ekuthiwa 'ujingi ukuya eMpuma "- ekufunyanweni iziseko qhinga ecaleni kweendlela urhwebo phakathi Indiya kunye East Far. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo kolawulo British of India kwandiselwa Afghanistan kanti abantu.

Ngenxa yokuba i-Napoleonic Wars - iimfazwe yokugqibela ehlabathini phakathi imibuso - Britain ukuba nkqu nemeko enzima kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba ngamandla. Umzekelo, i-Dutch Cape Colony (South Africa) safunyanwa. Nangona kukho inyaniso yokuba eyona iphambili nkqubo yeVictorian kaThixo langaphandle sisongezelelo yoBukhosi baseRashiya, owaboyikisa izilangazelelo yayo e-Indiya, phantse zonke ezo okhuphisana zemveli xesha baye balahlekelwa ixabiso zabo yancitshiswa kakhulu ngobukhulu, ukuze isikhundla yasebukhosini eBritani yaba elingenakuphikiswa. Ukongeza, ukuba iye phambili ilizwe industrial eYurophu, kwiindawo ngakumbi nangakumbi kwehlabathi becala phantsi ukongamela bamandla ayo zorhwebo, yemali aselwandle.

Noko ke, ukuma ayikwazanga ngokuba izinzile. Empire isekelwe phezu iingcinga mercantilism, sele kuwuyeka lo ekupheleni elinesibhozo - kwekhulu weshumi elinethoba eziliqela. Ngowe-1807 eNgilani owakubhangisayo okunene intshukumo ubukhoboka ekhokelwa babe ngabashumayeli beendaba ezilungileyo, wafuna utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwezinye iindawo zobo bukhosi. Ukususela ngo-1833 uqikelelo loqoqosho (ubukhulu becala ngenxa yempembelelo iingcamango Adam Smith), ezinye amathanga aseBritani baqalisa bangqale self-government norhwebo simahla, nto leyo ukuze kuncitshiswe ifuthe imibutho omdala urhwebo oligarchic kunye monopolistic. Kodwa ngexesha gqolo ukufumana yeVictorian ez kunye nokunyenyiswa kwemiqathango zorhwebo ngakumbi ekhuthazwa ingqalelo qhinga kunye neenjongo kufanelekile esiza. peak-nkqubo yayo ngxwaba Great Britain lifike xa koroleva Viktoriya, behlohla iNkulumbuso Benjamin Disraeli, wavakalisa ngokwayo ngo-1876 yi uKumkanikazi of India.

Noko ke, uBukhosi, baqhubeka ukuphuhlisa iintshukumo wesizwe, kungekudala emva koko, ememezela ekungafuneki yayo. Le nkqubo okukhawulezileyo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, nangona kwixesha post-imfazwe, uBukhosi ngaxa lithile akhula ukusuka kwisayizi xa Protectorate waseBritani esasikade ummandla waseJamani kunye nesiTurkish.

A ikoloni Great Britain, Canada kunye Australia ndizuze ubume ulawulo ngo-1907. Ngowe-1931 oko kwasekwa i-Commonwealth of Nations, eziquka iBritani kunye self-elawula zizilawuli of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, uMzantsi Afrika, i-Irish Free State, nto leyo ithathwa yintloko kumkani i-United Kingdom. Ubukhosi luxhaswe eBritani ngexesha Second World War. mbali abaninzi ngoku esazibuza enoba kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ukuphumelela le mfazwe yoyikekayo ngaphandle kwenkxaso ikoloni amajoni namahlakani. Bona inxaxheba zonke Bekubonela imfazwe. Kodwa ukulahleka yaseBritani kwiMpuma Ekude aye wakwenza kwacaca ukuba UK ayisenawo ukuba gunya, ekwaziyo ekugcineni ucwangco kwihlabathi zoqobo. Endaweni IsiNgesi beza ngcembe abaseMelika.