Art ephakathi kunye neempawu zayo

Abanemvume - ixesha elikhethekileyo embalini. iqala ize iphele ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kwilizwe ngalinye. Ngokomzekelo, eNtshona Yurophu, kwiZigaba Aphakathi na ixesha ukususela V ukuya XV iinkulungwane, eRashiya -. X kangangeenkulungwane XVII, kwaye eMpuma -. IV kangangeenkulungwane XVIII. Cinga ngakumbi indlela ilifa lokomoya ekhohlo ukuya kuthi bemeko- kwexesha.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Yintoni art ephakathi? Ngamafutshane, simanyene nezinto zokomoya owayephila ngelo xesha iinkosi. Izihloko eziphambili indalo zabo ugqibe libandla. Kwaba lelo xesha ke yena wenza njengoko umthengi ephambili. Ngelo xesha, imbali yezobugcisa aphakathi kunxulumene hayi kuphela iimfundiso zamaKristu. Xa abantu memory yelo xesha zazisaphila Imiqondiso inqubo yobuhedeni. Oku kunokubonwa kumasiko, uncwadi lwemveli kunye amasiko.

umculo

Ngaphandle kwalo, mayingabi sakhululwa ingqalelo art ephakathi. Umculo yayigqalwa yinxalenye yobomi babantu ngelo xesha. Usoloko sasihamba iiholide, imibhiyozo, imihla yokuzalwa. Phakathi izixhobo athandwa kakhulu aba iimpondo, imbande, iintsimbi, nangeengqongqo, amakhwelo, amagubu. Ukususela kumazwe empumalanga kumaXesha Aphakathi kwafika umculo Ngoweentambo ezilishumi. Ngaba izisusa iimpawu kwisiko ixesha. Umzekelo, entwasahlobo okuqala yabhalwa umculo okhethekileyo abantu bakubize ngokuba imimoya kobusika sandulele nokuqalisa ubushushu. Eva Christmas yayisoloko isandi iintsimbi. Waqhubeka iindaba ezilungileyo ukubonakala koMsindisi.

iincwadi

weencwadi zakudala kunye zobugcisa ushiye osisityebi ilifa izizukulwana ezizayo. iincwadi Yokuqala ngelo xesha ziye yayishicilelwe ngocoselelo uze emva koko kuboniswe ziimonki. Ngelo xesha iphepha kwakujongwa lwepaki, ngokunxulumene kwayo indawo esikhumbeni. Yenziwe calfskin okanye imvana. Ndiye ndafunda ukubhala amacwecwe ekuthiwa-ngomthi wambu ngewaxa emnyama okanye oluhlaza. imisebenzi Zamaxesha yobugcisa eziqulethwe ikakhulu kwiibhodi ngamaplanga. Kuba inkoliso miqulu ezisetyenzisiweyo ezilula yesikhumba izithombe. inkcubeko ephakathi kunye nobugcisa, ngeento ngendleko kubaphandi bedinga kunye ziimbongi. zihamba Baya nokuhamba ukuhlola iintlobo zokubhala amanye amazwe. Nokufika courtly abathanda art aphakathi ezaliswe romanticism. Wabonisa kakhulu iprozi kunye nomculo. Kwiinkundla bacula iingoma enikelwe amadabi luzayo Karla Velikogo, uArthur Roland. Ngenkuthalo waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ukubhala. In the Ages Aphakathi kwakukho oonobumba abakhulu nasezantsi, wagqiba ukubhala imithetho. Iincwadi ngelo xesha ingqalelo Nixabiseke ngokwenene. Abazange ifumaneke kwi ubunzima jikelele yabemi. Njengomgaqo, bagcinwa phantsi yokutshixa kunye isitshixo. Ukuba umntu uye waba neengxaki ngemali, le ncwadi ingaba abeke ufumane umvuzo olungileyo.

Art ephakathi: Ukupeyinta

Ngelo xesha zikude, ukudalwa imizobo kunye Imizobo ukujongana kuphela nabo ngokwenene italente kwaye ube nesakhono eziyimfuneko ukuzoba. Lo msebenzi lokudala hayi ezinye nto uyithandayo okanye yokuchitha. art medieval sisisiwa iinkosi iimfuno ezithile. ukupeyinta nganye okanye umzobo oseludongeni kwaba bathengi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iindonga ibandla, isibingelelo okanye igumbi umthandazo zipeyintwe. Amagcisa osembindini kunokuba ngokuba onobu bugcisa, njengoko kwaba, umzekelo, abachweli okanye mkhandi. Kungenxa yoko le nto amagama abaninzi babo abazange ukufikelela namhlanje. Umzekelo, bezicathulo musa ukubeka isiginitsha yakhe phezu isibini ngasinye izihlangu. Ukongeza, ukudalwa imizobo babeye ehlangeneyo. Amagcisa akazange balwela ukwenza kanye ehlabathini. art medieval kucingelwa nefuthe moralistic nangokweemvakalelo abantu. Kule sisungule imithetho ethile ekungathethwayo:

• Bonisa umlinganiswa omnye ngelaphu elinye ngexesha okuphumla ezahlukeneyo (esifanayo nezihlekisayo mihla).
• Singazihoyi ubungakanani nomuntu ukunika isiganeko ukubonakala eliphezulu.

Aphakathi efafazwe art iglasi yayisekelwe ikakhulu kwizifundo zonqulo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zipeyintwe izifundo ezifana "Ukuzalwa", "I Emnqamlezweni", "iinkanuko kaKristu", "Madonna kunye Child" njalo njalo.

Romanesque

Bona zizele zobugcisa aphakathi eNtshona Yurophu kwi X - XII iinkulungwane. Kwezinye iindawo isimbo wasinda de ngenkulungwane XIII. Waba ngomnye izigaba ezibalulekileyo vutshila kumaXesha Aphakathi. style Romanesque idibanisa emva Antiquity kunye namacandelo nezifundo Merovingian "Carolingian Renaissance", ixesha Great Ukufuduka. Singenile ubuciko aphakathi eNtshona Yurophu, izinto aseByzantium Oriental. uhlobo Romanesque isanda yayo ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso feudalism kunye ukusasazeka ideology Katolika. Isakhiwo ephambili, ukudalwa eqingqiweyo,-ngqangi lwaqhutywa yi lendela. Le ibandla imithombo elide ngokwaneleyo xa esasaza art ephakathi. Kwakhona Architecture waba elithile. Ngomzi iphambili isimbo ngelo xesha umyalelo emishini. Kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XI yaqala ukuvela ebhadula ifama abeke-neengcibi.

bokwakha

izakhiwo ngamnye kunye izakhiwo (iinqaba, iicawa, yoonongendi) zakhiwa isimbo Romanesque, njengoko umthetho, emaphandleni. Kulawula phezu kwabanye, yoncedo ofana 'emzini Nkosi "okanye esebenza njengendlela olubonakalayo kwamandla kaNdikhoyo feudal. art medieval Western esekelwe ngokuvumelana. silhouettes ecacileyo kunye nemilo indawo izakhiwo ngokungathi waphinda bagqiba mhlaba. Etyeni yendalo wenza nje into ephambili yokwakha. Nguye ngokugqibeleleyo ngokuvisisana uhlaza kunye nomhlaba. Eyona iphambili izakhiwo indlela Romanesque ludonga omkhulu. Zabo, ndincumeze wagxininisa imingxunyana window ezivaliweyo ingontsi Intanethi asinde (iindinyana). Enye izinto ezibalulekileyo ubume kwakujongwa inqaba ephakamileyo. isakhiwo Romanesque yinkqubo nemiqulu ezilula stereometric: neemilo, iityhubhu, parallelepipeds, iisilinda. indawo yabo yahlulwa neegalari iincakuba arkaturno friezes. Le miba iindonga ezinesingqi ezinkulu, kodwa umthetho we ngengqibelelo zabo monolithic.

iitempile

Baye bavela okwakufudula ekuqaleni iintlobo izakhiwo lamaKristu ibandla phambili kunye bazilikanskoy. Nezinto nengxam ngcamango inqaba okanye lantern. Iqela ngalinye zendlu yetempile wadalwa uyilo lwendawo eyahlukileyo. Zombini nangaphandle yaye ngaphakathi kuyo abazahlulayo ngokucacileyo kwabanye. Umqondo iye yomelezwa nakwiingqameko. Baba kakhulu umnqamlezo ezimilise, zezindlu okanye umnqamlezo-ubambo. Kwezinye iitempile efakiweyo nkundla.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ukuhonjiswa

Kumanqanaba okuqala indima Romanesque engundoqo edlalwa imizobo eludongeni. Ekupheleni XI -. Ukuqala XII kwenkulungwane, xa uqwalaselo wesilingi kwaba nzima ngakumbi lokubhalela etempileni iquka imikrolo omkhulukazi. Baye zazihonjiswe inthanethi, yaye ngokufuthi nodonga kobuhle ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphakathi isakhiwo ukuba isicelo iingqukuva kwikholam. Xa indlela emva kwexesha Romanesque indawo ngengingqi caba kuza ephezulu kunye neziphumo olunzulu yokukhanya nasethunzini, kodwa ukugcina ubudlelwane ephilayo kunye eludongeni. Indawo ephakathi ukupeyinta, kunye sculpture nokuhlala imisonto evakalisa amandla embi mda kaThixo. Xa i zililo ngokungqongqo macala namandla bana uKristu. Ke lemijikelo ingxelo le mixholo ivangeli yebhayibhile, baye amukela indalo onamandla ngakumbi yaye simahla. iplastiki Romanesque ezinxaxhileyo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka olinganise zendalo. Ngale ndlela umfanekiso womntu uba ophethe yesitshixo ngokugqithiseleyo ezichazayo okanye into yokuhombisa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngexesha elifanayo Ibinzana ngokomoya.

zwe

Le nto iye yaziswa kwi Renaissance. art zwe eYurophu kubhekwe "singamaqaba". eminyaka XII - X nokugqama Romanesque ingqalelo. kwachazwa Xa ngeli thuba, i-sikhokelo lwamaxesha yonqongophaliselwa Gothic. Ngoko ke eyedwa abadala (phezulu) kunye kade (elidangazelayo) usaqala. Uphuhliso lwe-Gothic kakhulu kuloo mazwe apho yobuKatolika namandla. Uye enze ubugcisa ubukhulu becala zonqulo umxholo zonqulo kunye nenjongo yawo. Gothic ngamazinga sinombono, imikhosi phezulu ezingenangqondo.

Iimpawu wesiseko

Ubugcisa ephakathi zeglasi nebala, ukukrola kunye bokwakha kwixesha Gothic ilifa indlela Romanesque lweziqalelo ezininzi. A indawo ekhethekileyo wayephantsi kolawulo Cathedral. Kuphuhliso Gothic nempembelelo iinguqu ezinkulu kubume bentlalo. Ngelo xesha, ekuqaleni ukwenza imeko ndawonye, owakhulayo womelela umzi, waqalisa phambili imikhosi behlabathi - urhwebo, awemisebenzi yobugcisa, ezidolophini, izangqa courtly-knightly. Njengoko ukuyilwa lokuqonda yoluntu, nokuphucula ubuchwepheshe baqala ukwandisa amathuba zokutyhila ubuhle zehlabathi. Siqalise ukwakha indlela entsha bokwakha. uphuhliso lwedolophu ngokubanzi. Xa ensembles yezakhiwo ezisezidolophini baya wempangelo kwaye zonqulo izakhiwo, iibhulorho, iinqaba, emaquleni. Kwiimeko ezininzi, yembutho ephambili yesixeko ukwakha izindlu kunye Iiveranda, yokugcina kunye nendawo yokuthengisela kwi imigangatho emhlabeni. Yena lihambe liye evela ezibanzi. Bona umgca ecaleni lwefacade emnxinwa ikakhulu izindlu ezinemigangatho emibini (ngamaxesha ambalwa ibali emithathu) kunye gables eliphezulu. Baqala ukuze zingqonge isixeko kunye neendonga eyomeleleyo, ezibe ezihonjiswe zokuhamba ezinde. Royal kunye iinqaba feudal zaye ngokuthe ziguqulwa zibe izakhiwo yonke, kuquka zonqulo, amabhotwe iinqaba.

imikrolo

Uye enze njengendlela eyintloko zobugcisa. Icawa ngaphakathi ihonjiswe inani elikhulu imikrolo eqingqiweyo. Umfanekiso zwe, xa kuthelekiswa ne-Romanesque, linamandla, amanani ukujikeleziswa omnye komnye kunye nabaphulaphuli. Yena waqala ukubonisa umdla iintlobo zendalo zendalo, ubuhle bomntu kunye neemvakalelo. Indlela omtsha waqalisa ukunyanga imixholo ngumama, ukumelana umbingelelo, ukubandezeleka yokuziphatha. Itshintshile kwaye umfanekiso kaKristu. Xa style zwe kwindawo yokuqala waqalisa ukuhamba ukholo umxholo. Xa ubugcisa ukunqulwa Lady Lwethu waqalisa ukuba imilo. Oku kwenzeka phantse ngexesha elinye kunye ladies zonqulo ezibalaseleyo. Amaxesha amaninzi ezimbini ezi Ihlelo munye. Xa ezininzi nguMama kaThixo Wabonakala zinemfano lady elihle. Ngelo xesha abantu aye walilondoloza ngayo inkolelo imimangaliso, oominenga fabulous, izilwanyana kumnandi. imifanekiso yazo ingafunyanwa kwi isimbo Gothic kangangoko kwi indlela Romanesque.

India

Eli lizwe yaziwa lonke ngobuncwane zingenakubalwa yendalo, bazenzele ezintle. Ukususela kwiminyaka ekuqaleni abantwana amahlwempu babeqhele ukusebenza. oonyana Imfundo kunye neentombi yezikhulu yaqala kunyaka wesihlanu ebomini babo. Imfundo bayifumanayo esikolweni ezintlafunweni okanye ekhaya. Abantwana evela ngokuphathelele Brahmin baqeqeshwa ukuba ngumcebisi indlu. Umntwana kufanele khangela phandle ootitshala, ukumlalela zonke. Oonyana okulwa, nabathetheli afundiswa inzululwazi zomkhosi kunye nobugcisa yolawulo. Ezinye nezigodlo bakhonza njengamaziko emfundo. Ukufundisa kuzo lwaqhutywa kwelona nqanaba liphezulu. Loo iziko, umzekelo, yaba eMonastri in Noland. Oku esebenze ingeniso evela kwiilali ezilikhulu, kunye nezipho abalawuli. Kwezinye izixeko, aphakathi India owawusebenza observatory. Mathematics akwazi ukubala umthamo lwemizimba iimilo isikwere ukuphatha ngokukhululekileyo amanani iqhezu. Good yasungulwa njengonyango India. Le ncwadi ichaza isakhiwo umzimba womntu kunye nezibilini. oogqirha Indian basebenzisa izixhobo malunga 200 ezahlukeneyo neendlela zomzimba, ukwenza imisebenzi enzima. Ukuseka sifo, oogqirha walinganisa iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni ukubetha yesigulane, abangaboniyo ukuhlola isigulane, unikela ingqalelo ulwimi ibala. Art nenzululwazi India aphakathi yafikelela obude nanto.

imikrolo itshe

Wakhonza bephela njengezivatho izakhiwo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le ukukrola kwakunikelwa imikrolo eliphezulu zokuhombisa. Kuzo zonke ezi zibalo ngokusondeleyo. Iintshukumo, izijekulo, babesima abantu khangela ngokumangalisayo zaziwa novakalelo. Oku kubangelwa azinampembelelo kuphuhliso imikrolo umdaniso zobugcisa, nto leyo ngokubanzi eIndiya, kunye maxesha amandulo. Iliwa namanje ndhoka waqala ukudala iitempile emqolombeni kunye neeseli ze hermits. Baba amancinane lokuyivelisa izakhiwo zokuhlala ngamaplanga. Emntla Indiya, wakha iitempile lume-elimbhoxo (ezizekelisayo) imilo. On top of iambrela Lotus yazo yakhiwe. Emzantsi, neetempile baba ngokohlobo yephiramidi yoxande. Ngaphakathi igumbi bekumnyama nezisezantsi. Babizwa ngokuba ezingcwele. Ngena kuzo asikwazanga bonke. temples bentendelezo ezihonjiswe eqingqiweyo ebonisa imifanekiso luzayo okanye evakalayo ngendlela yokomfuziselo yokunqula uThixo, ubuqaqawuli apho itempile yakhiwa. Kamva, e-Indiya, ingakumbi ngasezantsi, izinto oqingqiweyo baba kakhulu kangangokuba izakhiwo zonqulo ziye bakhonza iziseko kubo. Ezo umzekelo neetempile e Orissa Konarak, Khajuraho.

imisebenzi classical

KumaXesha Aphakathi kwiindawo ezininzi India ukudala usebenzisa iilwimi wesefu. Kulo mzekelo, Iimbongi ezininzi ezibhaliweyo laso. Le ncwadi iye Enye into esinceda sisulungeke zeesampulu odidi lokuqala. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha kuba ngcono kwaye libalwa enkundleni. Kulo msebenzi, umzekelo, yaba umbongo "Ramacharita". Kwindinyana nganye, yabeka intsingiselo kabini, nabanako ulinganiswa ukumkani enza Rampal ukuya yokusebenza oyindumasi Rama. KumaXesha Aphakathi kwimibongo ziphuhliswe engundoqo, ke, ukuba iinkulungwane 12-13. Laqala bese. Imisebenzi ebhalwe nesiSanskriti kwi uhlobo yamabali ezinamanqwanqwa - amabali anxulumene yi enye cross-ekwehliseni umxholo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, isincoko esibalisayo "Kadambari". Lo msebenzi ubalisa ibali abathandi ababini Nadla ubuncwane emhlabeni kabini sizifihla ezahlukeneyo. Xa inoveli satirical "I Adventure of abathetheli 10" wagculelwa abalawuli, abaphila, iindwalutho kunye noothixo.

kweentyatyambo

Owayo phezu iinkulungwane IV-VI. Ngelo xesha, inxalenye esemantla Indiya lingadibananga zibe kwimeko enamandla. It ilawulwa ookumkani Egupti ubukhosi. Ezikhoyo kuloo mimandla zobugcisa aphakathi kukubi imimandla esemazantsi. In dha godlo neetempile e D walondoloza imizekelo ezizodwa ixesha. Kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane 2 ngexesha iinkulungwane ezilandelayo ezisithoba weza 29 nemiqolomba. iisilingi zabo, iindonga, imiqolo beqabe izigcawu amavo dha ezihonjiswe imikrolo kunye imikrolo. D wenza njengeziko kuphela unqulo, kodwa yobuciko nesayensi. Okwangoku, Libonakalisa nobukhulu umoya yamandulo. I-D itsala kubakhenkethi ezininzi ezivela kulo lonke ihlabathi.