Bamazwe Russian kunye nabahambi ngenkulungwane ye-19. kwesayensi ezinkulu geographical

bamazwe Russian kunye nabahambi ngenkulungwane ye-19 wenza inani obafunyanwa ezibalaseleyo, into eyaba ipropati hayi nje Russian kodwa angaphandle, emhlabeni yesayensi. Ngaphezu koko, baye benza igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lolwazi lwengingqi kwaye benze kakhulu ukuba negalelo kuqeqesho lwabasebenzi abatsha kuphuhliso uphando zaselwandle.

ngumba

bamazwe Russian kunye nabahambi ngenkulungwane ye-19 wathwala ezifunyaniswe zakhe ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba kule nkulungwane ziye kuveze imfuneko ukukhangela iindlela ezintsha zorhwebo kunye namathuba ukuxhasa ubudlelane of Russia kunye namanye amazwe. Ekupheleni XVIII - kwekhulu XIX ekuqaleni, ilizwe lethu ekugqibeleni zadityaniswa isimo yalo kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele njengegunya lehlabathi. Ngokwendalo, eli lungiselelo litsha wandise indawo yayo neAfrika, nto leyo efunekayo izifundo ezitsha kweelwandle, iziqithi kunye emideni ulwandle ukwakhiwa zamazibuko, iinqanawa kunye norhwebo kunye namazwe angaphandle.

bamazwe Russian kunye nabahambi ngenkulungwane ye-19 yenzeka njengoko oomatiloshe abanetalente nje ngelo kanye ngexesha xa ilizwe lethu ukufikelela enolwandle ngeenxa zombini: kwiBaltic ne Black. Kwaye nje kwenzeka. Oku kwavula amathuba amatsha zophando zaselwandle kunye wabanika amandla okuqhubela ukwakhiwa nokuphuhliswa mabutho, imicimbi sezaselwandle jikelele. Akumangalisi ukuba bamashumi zokuqala abahloli kwinkulungwane ingqalelo Russian kunye nabakhenkethi ngenkulungwane ye-19 enza uphando obalaseleyo, leyo safuma inzululwazi Russian eendawo.

Plan uhambo umhlaba

yenziwa Le projekthi Bulelani kunokwenzeka ngenxenye imisebenzi ngempumelelo emkhosini kwilizwe lethu kwinkulungwane XVIII emva kwexesha. Ngelo xesha, iRussia ithuba lokwakha ubuciko bayo kuLwandle Black, leyo, Kakade ke, yayikukukhuthaza oomatiloshe. oomatiloshe Russian ngeli ixesha lokucingisisa nzulu kwinto yokuba babeke iindlela zorhwebo lula. Oku lula ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba ilizwe lethu ebanjwe Intshona Melika Alaska. Ekubeni ke kuyimfuneko ukuba sihlale abasisigxina ukuphuhlisa intsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho.

IF Kruzenshtern kwinkulungwane XVIII kade, wamnika isicwangciso uhambo ehlabathini. Noko ke, xa walahlwa. Kodwa kwiminyaka nje embalwa emva kokuba kolawulo Alexander I, urhulumente Russian aye wabonisa umdla kwisicwangciso zingeniswe. Wafumana imvume.

uqeqesho

IF Kruzenshtern kwafika kwintsapho unguwo. Wafunda kwi Kronstadt kwibutho labasebenzi yomkhosi wamanzi kwaye umfundi wakhe, wathabatha inxaxheba emfazweni nxamnye Sweden, nakuba kwaba kakuhle ngokwabo. Emva koko wathunyelwa ukuba uqeqesho eNgilani, apho wafumana imfundo esemagqabini. Emva kokubuyela kwakhe eRashiya Wayisondeza isicwangciso uhambo ehlabathini. Emva kokufumana imvume, ngokucophelela kuye, wathenga izixhobo zibhetele neenqanawa zixhotyiswe.

umncedisi bakhe abakufutshane lo mba umhlobo wakhe Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky. Naye nomqeqeshi emva kwi yeCadet Corps. Ngasinye naye Libonakala ngokwakhe njengegosa abanetalente aselwandle ngexesha Russian-Swedish War leminyaka 1788-1790. Sele kitted kungekudala ezimbini iinqanawa phantsi amagama "Neva" yaye "Ithemba". Intlawulo yokugqibela, Count UNikolai Rezanov, Yaduma loo opera rock odumileyo. Hambo sanduluka 1803. Injongo yawo ekuphandeni nasekuphicotheni amathuba lokuvula iindlela zorhwebo entsha esuka eRashiya ukuya eTshayina kunye unxweme kwintsimi North American.

swimming

abahloli Russian lirhangqwa Cape Horn, waphuma waya lwePasifiki, wahlulelene. Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky kwakhokelela inqanawa yakhe akubo North American, olo olwaye lwahlangula wayithimba amaNdiya lokurhweba isixeko Russian of Novo-Arkhangelsk. Ngeli hambo naye kubanjwa okokuqala kwimbali losuka navigation inqanawa kuMzantsi Afrika.

Inqanawa "Ithemba" ukhokelwa Kruzenshtern iseti isikhephe kuLwandle of Japan. Ngokwemfanelo yalo umphandi ukuba ngokwaneleyo uphando kunxweme Sakhalin Island, kwaye wenza utshintsho olukhulu kwimaphu. Noko ke, eyona njongo agaleleke yayikukuphonononga umlomo Amur River, yintoni kukade icangcisiwe, ubunkokheli onomdla we-Pacific Fleet. Kruzenshtern wangena Amur esizalweni, ngoko, ukuhlola lwaseYurophu eKamchatka, wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe.

igalelo Kruzenshtern kwinzululwazi

abahloli Russian baye phambili yenzululwazi Russian kakhulu welizwe ngokuzisa kwi kwinqanaba lehlabathi zophuhliso. Olu hambo kuye kwatsala ingqalelo uluntu jikelele. Emva kokuphela yokuhamba bobabini wabhala iincwadi apho iziphumo zophando zabo thaca. Kruzenshtern epapashwe "Ehlabathini Lonke", kodwa kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo uyakhululwa nabo atlasi izicelo lokuhlola amanzi. Wafaka amatshatshazi ezininzi amhlophe kwimaphu, yaba isifundo esibalulekileyo kweelwandle neelwandlekazi. Ngoko ke, oko lufundwa kunye noxinzelelo lobushushu lwamanzi, imisinga yamanzi, tide.

imisebenzi yangaphandle

umsebenzi kwakhe okwalandela iye yahlanganiswa ngokusondeleyo ne-Marine lweSizwe, apho kuchazwe umhloli kuqala. Emva koko, kwabakho imfundiso, uze emva koko bonke headed nto. Ngokutsho kwiindima yakhe, iGosa Higher Iindidi. Kwixesha elizayo, baye baguqula Naval Academy. Kruzenshtern kuqaliswa izintlu ezintsha kwinkqubo yemfundo. Oku kwanda kakhulu umgangatho wokufundisa oomatiloshe.

Ukongeza, wanceda ukulungiselela amanye amaphulo, ingakumbi lula amacebo komnye umphengululi owaziwayo O. Kotzebue. Krusenstern inxaxheba ekudalweni Society Geographical odumileyo Russian, yeyiphi wayemiselwe ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo phambili kungekuphela eRashiya kodwa emhlabeni yesayensi. Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa kuphuhliso yejografi babekhululwe kubo "Atlas South Ulwandle".

Ukulungiswa uhambo entsha

Kruzenshtern iminyaka embalwa emva uhambo lwakhe zanyanzelisa isifundo ngokucokisekileyo ezinezinga esemazantsi. Wacela ukuxhobisa zobuntlola ezimbini ukuya North naseMzantsi nezibonda iinqanawa ezimbini nganye. Ngaphambi kule Umatiloshe J. Cook phantse Kwathi, akusondela ukuba Antarctica, kodwa ndathintelwa ukuya kwi ngumkhenkce. Ke umhambi odumileyo wacebisa ukuba kwilizwekazi lesithandathu noba ayikho okanye akukho ukufikelela kuye.

Ngo-1819, urhulumente Russian lenze isigqibo sokuba ngengubo i butho entsha lokuqubha. Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen, emva eziliqela yokulibaziseka wamiselwa umqondisi. Kuye kwagqitywa ukwakha iinqanawa ezimbini: "Uxolo," yaye "East". Okokuqala kwadalwa Russian zizazinzulu sicwangciso. Yena ixesha elide yaye amanzi. Nangona kunjalo, le yesibini eyakhelwe kwi-UK, yaba ngaphantsi oluzinzileyo, ukuze yokuba ixesha ukulungisa, ukwakha nokulungisa. Ukulungiselela kunye nokwakhiwa yakhokelela uMikhail various, bakhalazayo malunga ukungangqinelani kwezi neempahla ezimbini.

Iindawo ezinika umdla langasezantsi

Kwiphulo elitsha sahamba ngo-1819. Efika Brazil kunye ezigudle nemisinga, waya Sandvicheskim ziqithi. NgoJanuwari 1820 hambo Russian wafumanisa kwilizwekazi yesithandathu - Antarctica. Ngexesha uhlela ngeenxa zonke yafunyanwa kwaye wachaza iziqithi ezininzi. Phakathi lwezona zinto ezibalulekileyo ngokuba kwisiqithi Peter I, Alexander I. Coast ukuba benze inkcazo efunekayo kuloo mida, kwakunye nomzobo lezilwanyana sibonile kweli lizwekazi entsha, Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen aphindela.

Ngexesha uhambo, ukongeza ekufumanekeni Antarctica zazenziwe ezinye kwesayensi. Umzekelo, nxaxheba bafumanisa ukuba Earth Sandwich - ukuba loo Ncebakazi yonke. Ukongeza, sasichaza kwisiqithi South Georgia. Okubaluleke ezithile iinkcazelo ilizwekazi entsha. UMikhail various kunye inqanawa yakhe yafumana ithuba lokuba abukele i intle yelizwe, ngoko ke iziphumo ezilulutho kakhulu kwinzululwazi.

kwesayensi meaning

Hambo seminyaka 1819-1821 obaluleke gqitha kwendawo wesizwe kunye nehlabathi. Kuvulwa, ilizwekazi omtsha yesithandathu, wajika ingcamango eyayimi ngayo Yomhlaba. Zombini nabahambi ekupapashweni kweziphumo zezifundo zabo imiqulu emibini kunye isicelo satin kunye nemiyalelo kuyimfuneko. Ebudeni uhambo iye yachazwa iziqithi malunga namashumi amathathu, wenza imizobo ezibalaseleyo kweentlobo e Antarctica kunye zasendle. Ukongezelela, amalungu ohambo wahlanganisa ingqokelela ekhethekileyo ngenkcazo, nto leyo igcinwe e University Kazan.

imisebenzi olunye

Bellingshausen koko waqhubeka umsebenzi wakhe aselwandle. Yena inxaxheba emfazweni Russian-Turkish ka-1828-1829, uyazilawula kwiBaltic Fleet, yaye kamva wamiselwa irhuluneli Kronstadt. A uphawu ingqalelo kweenkonzo zakhe kukuba njengokubizwe emva uthotho iimpawu zejografi. Okokuqala, kufuneka ukhankanye elwandle kwi Pacific Ocean.

Various kwakhona amanqaku emva uhambo lwakhe edumileyo Antarctica. Wamiselwa alimwi hambo ukuya kunxweme Russian Melika Ukukhuselwa bazingenisayo wakwazi ngayo ngempumelelo. Kamva umthetho Black Sea Fleet, bathatha inxaxheba Idabi Navarino, kuba apho waphumelela iimbasa eziliqela. Ngoko ke, loo madoda amakhulu Russia wenza igalelo layo ebalaseleyo kuphuhliso lwesifundo.