Mesoeconomics - it ... Yintoni study mesoeconomics

Xa theory kwezoqoqosho, kukho ibinzana elithi "mesoeconomics" nto leyo kakhulu zithandwa nje kuphela ezincwadini zesayensi, kodwa iingqiqo zolawulo pfunaka. Kuthetha ukuthini? Njani ngokuchanekileyo ngentetho evakalayo ngokomongo? Ubungakanani eli gama inxulunyaniswa nenzululwazi?

meaning

Utoliko lo gama kumbuzo, ezimbalwa. Yintoni eyokuqala? Mesoeconomics - it (ukuba balandele iingqiqo yeengcingane, kuxhaphakile ingcali ekuhlaleni Russian) iye iimpawu close osemthethweni kwaye kwezinye iimeko, iseti uhlanganiso sendawo kwezolimo, kubangelwa ikakhulu aphakathi kunye namashishini amakhulu. Cwangcisa of iifem ekuthethwa, ibandakanya impahla kunye asethi becala eqhelekileyo.

Igama lesiGrike eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "mezos" lithetha "intermediate." Kufuneka iqondwe - siqinise wayakha umfelandawonye linokuchazwa ngokuthi elifumileyo "phakathi" isikhundla phakathi uluhlu lwamashishini amancinane kunye noqoqosho lesizwe kwilizwe elinye. Okt "mezokompaniya", kwelinye icala, enkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze ziqwalaselwe amashishini amancinane okanye aphakathi-ertyisi, kwelinye icala - isikali walo nangoku ayinkulwanga ngokwaneleyo linokuyithelekisa GDP karhulumente apho emi kuyo.

isiyalo Scientific?

Kukho omnye ukutyhilwa kwale kota. Mesoeconomics - yokuziqeqesha yenzululwazi. Luyinto ebalulekileyo theory kwezoqoqosho. Mesoeconomics esifunda umsebenzi kwamashishini kwinqanaba ezahlumeneyo. Umzekelo, urhwebo, ushishino yokuzikhusela, IT-technology njl .. Kule meko, i "eziphakathi" kuthetha into phakathi amakhulu namancinci. Oko kukuthi, ezo nkalo aphonononga imisebenzi zeenkampani ngamnye okanye uqoqosho lwesizwe ngokubanzi.

Kakade ke, kwezinye iinkalo ukuba mesoeconomics izifundo, yaye ezo mveliso ukuba luphawulwa ukumanywa nkqubo ngaphakathi sikhokelo igama elifanayo, ingabonwa kwimeko efanayo. Konke kuxhomekeke isakhiwo isifundo esithile. Umzekelo, ukuba ngaba sifunda, umzekelo, uqoqosho kwindawo engundoqo aloo mzi umzekelo indibanisela mveliso, imisebenzi ephambili kushishino efanayo.

Kwezinye iimeko, igama elithi "mesoeconomics" lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela kwesi sifundo sophando kwezoqoqosho, xa kufikwa iinkqubo zoshishino kwinqanaba kwimimandla ngamnye - kunye nesakhiwo esifanelekileyo federal kurhulumente, ezifana eRashiya okanye US. Okt "eziphakathi" kulo mzekelo - kuyinto phakathi uqoqosho isixeko kunye nenkqubo yesizwe yezoqoqosho.

wenza njani mesoeconomics?

Ukuba sithethe ukutyhilwa yokuqala yekota, ngoko oko ikhona elide kangakanani? Ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, mesoeconomics - sisiphumo iinkqubo zophuhliso yendalo enxulumene ngezoshishino zoqoqosho zesizwe, leyo kakhulu ngokukodwa babonakala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Emva koko, ngokunxulumene ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo, baqala ukwandisa yoxinaniso amandla, ivelise impahla.

Uyondelelwano lwee- kwimveliso

Ngenxa yoko, izityalo oluphezulu lwe zakhiwa kwiindawo ezincinane kakhulu. Zokuhlala baqala ukuba ibe liziko enkulu mveliso. Uqoqosho yesixeko ngoku iyakwazi ukusebenza ngokusekelwe lwamashishini ebekwe kuphela kuyo. Ukudityaniswa yemveliso yesinyithi ukufikelela yobuninzi sithathwa ngokwahlukeneyo amaqela turnover yenkampani baqalisa ukuba angagqithi e-mali ka kwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni andulela mesoeconomics? Abahlalutyi bakholisa ukubiza eli xesha ibonisa izinto ze "micro" - bume intsebenziswano na omncinane, yimveliso ezizimeleyo - mveliso, iifektri zabucala. Ke kufuneka zisekelwe, umzekelo, uqoqosho elalini, kodwa hayi isixeko esikhulu - kwaba kunokwenzeka xa kukho into efana mesoeconomics.

iimpawu mesoeconomics

Eyona iphambili mesoeconomics ziingcali ekuthiwa yinye. Oko kunokuthi kwenzeke in Ukrainian lunee ntlobo ezimbini - abathe nkqo nabathe tye. Kwimeko yokuqala, iinkampani zidibene ukuvelisa uhlobo efanayo imveliso (iqela okanye imveliso), elinesibini - iinkampani yadityaniswa ngaphakathi zizo zonke izigaba ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa. Kwakhona kuyenzeka lobeko mixed. Kwaye kule meko siza kujolisa idiagonal yinye, umgama okwangoku kuba gqitha, kwakunye ukwahluka kwiindawo apho amashishini asebenza. Eneneni, kusenokuba yinxalenye kuqoqosho lwengingqi, encinane efanayo multi-isakhiwo njengoko wesizwe.

impembelelo mesoeconomics

Le mesoeconomics ukuvela yaba ngumba of utshintsho olubalulekileyo zonke iintlobano emarikeni. Saqala ukwenza mezosistemy kumacandelo ka-mveliso lilungu zingadlulanga efanayo kwicandelo loqoqosho. Umzekelo, ibhanki okanye yoshishino. Iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba mesoeconomics - likwimo phambili yentsebenziswano owayephila phakathi kwamashishini, kungekhona nje into uphawu kwenkulungwane yama-20.

Ubume mezopredpriyaty lwangoku

Indlela yokuququzelela isakhiwo impefumlelwano iinkampani yadityaniswa ngaphakathi kwiinkqubo eziphakathi noqoqosho namhlanje? Njengomthetho jikelele, imiwe apho kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezinkulu - wokwenene ngumyinge. Lokuqala - i eyiyo (umz, ibhalansi) impahla mveliso, okwesibini - securities (ezifana kokutshintsha ulawulo ezamahala market). Kwiimeko ezininzi, mesoeconomics - imeko apho yadityaniswa Iinkampani ezinkulu ezisebenza ngayo zikarhulumente (kulo mzekelo, nazo kukhokelele ushishino apho ezi mveliso zisebenze). Kwenzeka ukuba kumashishini anjalo ngokwemiqathango ubuninzi kancinane, kodwa ingqalelo inxalenye enkulu kwengqukuva kwimarike yesizwe yonke.

Kukho iimeko xa siqinise wasebenzisa isikhundla sakhe, wammisa వెర్షనింగ్ uBhalo amaxabiso zabo. Kodwa ke kule meko kumazwe amaninzi ziphuhlisiwe kwinqanaba le-iindlela ezifanelekileyo imithetho antitrust. Ngoko ke, iingcali ezininzi mihla bakholelwa ukuba mesoeconomics - into leyo iluncedo ukusuka kwindawo umbono uphuhliso lweenkqubo uqoqosho amazwe ehlabathini. Okokuqala, ngokwemiqathango umsebenzi wentlalo. Kodwa hayi kuphela.

Uzinzo - in ukuhlanganiswa

Luhlobo olunjani iingxaki zoqoqosho bayakwazi ukusombulula lweshishini, ukwakha mezosistemy? Iinkampani ukusebenza phakathi imibutho ezinkulu baba nzima ngakumbi iingxaki. Kwakhona ke ukudala imisebenzi emininzi, ukuhlawula irhafu. Ukongeza, uzinzo mveliso zadityaniswa inegalelo into elalifumanayo iingxaki ezinjalo uqoqosho, ezifana uzinzo kwindlela yokusebenzisa imali yesizwe: izakhiwo zoshishino enamandla ezininzi mboleko ebhankini ngakumbi uzinzo bebuyile, kunokuba, umzekelo, amashishini amancinane.

amashishini Mesoeconomics kunye nobudlelwane

Yini ephawula ulwalamano phakathi kwamashishini, wakha mesoeconomics? Okokuqala, oko umnqweno ukungena kwizivumelwano intsebenziswano ixesha elide. Oku kwenza iinkampani ukuze ngokubambisana babe ukuphendula utshintsho kwiimeko zemarike, ukukhula okanye ukuwa kwamaxabiso entsimini yentengiso okanye, icala, izinto. iinzame Ukuhlanganiswa kwinani lezehlo nefuthe elithe ngqo ukuveliswa nemfuneko, kwakunye kudala iimarike ezintsha. izibhambathiso zeekhontrakthi abantu ngokubanzi backed up ibe kwinqanaba eliphezulu uxanduva. Xa kuthe engagqibekanga yi bumabumela, ngokungqinelana isivumelwano, kunyanzelekileyo ukuba ahlawule inxalenye yeempahla ze-iqabane.

indima Mezopredpriyaty ukuba urhulumente

Sathi ukuba inkampani, wakha 'mesostructure "ezisebenza umsebenzi ebalulekileyo kurhulumente - ukubonelela ngemisebenzi kubemi abahlawula irhafu. Kodwa le ndima ayiphelelanga mesoeconomics. Phakathi kwezinye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo - imithombo karhulumente yokuqhutywa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko ngamazwe. Scale ukudityaniswa Ishishini, Kakade ke, ibe inkulu ngaphezu kuqoqosho kwisithili okanye isixeko. Njengokuba besesitshilo, ukhetho ngokwenene xa ifaniswa GDP kwilizwe elinye.

Noko ke, uhlanga ke mesoeconomics - nto idla a plus enkulu kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Ingakumbi xa sithetha kwimisebenzi zenkampani phesheya, iimpembelelo kwiimalike angaphandle, ukuqondwa brand kwamanye amazwe. Mesoeconomics isenokuba ubuso ngurhulumente kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Ingakumbi xa kwindawo njengenkampani wesizwe, kwaye ngamazwe.

ulawulo Okukodwa mesoeconomics

Yintoni na nabezolawulo ngamaqela bakha mesoeconomics? Ngenxa umthetho, bona abo bangabanini esibondeni elawulayo nezinye izinto ze mveliso. Le peculiarity of ukusebenza kwamashishini ezinjalo ukuba isakhiwo ulawulo badla nanto yakwenza abanini mbutho. UMlawuli-Jikelele, kwiimeko ezininzi - umsebenzi wesiqhelo yaqeshwa, ngokuba akanasabelo eliphethwe okanye ilungu aligcuntswana. Oku kubangelwa amaxesha yokuba isakhiwo ukuze sibe khona mesoeconomics iinkampani abamele amacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho. ngaxeshanye ukuphatha yonke umnini babo, mhlawumbi, nje akayi kuba nexesha. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba kungenzeka ukumema kwisikhundla sokuba ngumphathi ophezulu eqeshiweyo umsebenzi.

Mesoeconomics kunye namaqela zemali-mveliso

Esilula (ukususela kwinqanaba Ngenxa iindlela lweshishini ukudityaniswa esemthethweni) uhlobo yokunxulumana mveliso - inkampani karhulumente stock ngokuhlangeneyo. Ngako oko, njengokuba besisithi ngasentla, ikomkhulu wokwenene isetyenziselwa ukudala ixabiso lihle ngaphezulu, kwakunye kwerandi, nto leyo ityalwe yi kubatyali-mali. Ziziphi ezinye iindlela mesoeconomics mbutho?

Ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, umbutho inkulu Ukusetyenziswa mesoeconomic amaqela zemali-mveliso. Ezi zithinteli ingqokelela iinkampani singabi nefuthe kuphela kumacandelo ngamnye kwezoqoqosho, kodwa phezu (kwaye kwezinye iimeko ngamazwe) inkqubo yesizwe yezoqoqosho. Amaqela zemali kunye noshishino ziyilelwe ukuba ekumanyaniseni iinkampani ezahlukeneyo kwi inkalo zobuchwepheshe, ngokwemiqathango yokudityaniswa eyinkunzi, izibonelelo zolawulo, nokwandisa imarike. Resources Iinkampani ezifana kule inkalo umsebenzi wentlalo nayo ibalulekile kakhulu. Njengomgaqo, amaqela zemali kunye mveliso zibaluleke hayi kuphela kwiimarike kwi isikali bengatshatanga sub-lwesizwe, kodwa kweli kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele.

Xa iqela zemali-mveliso ngokuqhelekileyo kuquka iinkampani abamele amacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho. Kusenokuba iinkampani zoshishino, iibhanki, iinkampani ze-inshorensi, amatyathanga ngemiyinge emincinci, imibutho uphando, kwezinye iimeko - izakhiwo zikarhulumente.

isakhiwo yobunikazi mesoeconomics

Indlela eyakhelwe iindlela zokubona ubunini kwishishini, ukwakha mesoeconomics? Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kubhekiselele ukusasazwa nezabelo imiwe kumgaqo. Oko kukuthi, kukho isakhiwo elikhokelayo, elingumnini ezibondeni ukulawula kwizabelo abaxhasi. ngumkhuba ezaneleyo ezinqabileyo apho umnini zenkampani umntu okanye umbutho asiyiyo inxalenye mesoeconomics de jure. Ukongeza, inkampani ngamnye (Noko ke, phakathi amagunya ekhankanywe kwimvumelwano echaphazelekayo) ukugcina inkqubo ezimeleyo kwezoqoqosho ngokwaneleyo.

Mesoeconomics kunye oligarchs

Ngoobani oligarchs ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa theory Western yezoqoqosho? Yeyona ngoosomashishini ngoobani abanini amashishini amakhulu, isikali umsebenzi ikuvumela ukulawula nje ishishini cash flow, kodwa ikomkhulu yebhanki, utyalo-mali kwiimarike stock yesizwe neyamazwe ngamazwe. Oko kukuthi, oligarchs - ndikuxelela abo baphambili eziyintloko mesoeconomics zehlabathi.

Ukuba zingathathwa ngokuba "Classic" oligarchs aziwayo noosomashishini Russian bangabanini asethi izigidi ezixabisa zeedola? Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba kufunyanwe iwonga hlobo kwixa elizayo. Njengoko enye yeempawu ephambili oligarchy - uzimele geqe iinkampani zikarhulumente-ukwenza umsebenzi ngaphandle kwe-nkqubo kazwelonke. Le oosomashishini inkulu Russian, ke, wenza ikomkhulu, ukukhwela ibhayisikile resource lezopolitiko, okanye lixhakamfule elo thuba ukuba iye yaveza urhulumente kule minyaka babucala.