China: Amacandelo Crisis pre-revolution

Okoloburzhuaznye neNgonyama siseko kunye yoohlohlesakhe izangqa, ikhokelwa ngu Chzhan Tszyanem yafuna na zala maxesha, kodwa yotshintsho wokwenene China ngomoya yephondo zeengcebiso iimfuno iikomiti 1909- 1911 biennium. Musa ukoyika izangqa yokuziphatha ukuze kwilizwe nxi, imfazwe Russian-Japanese ka-1904-1905., Lwenzeka kwi kumhlaba Chinese, umzekelo kabuhlungu of Korea, ngo-1910 yathathwa yi-Japan, i elide-emi impixano phakathi inkcaso-siseko yaye akafuni ukunikezela kwizikhundla zabo sesiManchu despotism wadala icandelo lokuqala pre-revolution ntlekele.

Yaba icandelo lesibini mbuso wedemokhrasi eyayikhokelwa Chinese revolution owaziwayo Sun yat-sen. Kubo ngo-1894, wadalwa "ukuvuselelwa China Union 'ukubhukuqa yesiManchu ulawulo. Ngo-1905, China kakade imibutho eliqela yotshintsho olululo. Phantsi yempembelelo revolution yokuqala Russian ka- 1905 kwaye uvule eli xesha 'ukuvuka saseAsiya "yaqalisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza revolution anti-sesiManchu abavakalelwa ngayo. Zomzabalazo wenkululeko kazwelonke China singene kwisigaba esitsha. Ngowe-1905, phantsi kwesikhokelo Sun yat-sen kunye Huang Sina wawahlanganisa imibutho eyahlukeneyo sokulwela inguqu epheleleyo 'Association of the Union. " amacandelo China crisis prerevolutionary ...

Ilungu lesithathu ntlekele pre-revolution yaba kukwanda elibukhali kwi 'uqhushululu omdala Chinese ", okt. E. yeNdalo kunye saa anti-isiManchu, antinalogovyh neziphithiphithi, belambile (nerayisi) udlame, ngokufuthi ekhokelwa eziyimfihlo. Ezi omkhulu nabo bonke intshukumo ekhula lawuzamazamisayo kakhulu Qing urhulumente.

Ilungu yesine ivuthwa ngayo imeko ye revolution baba intshukumo bourgeoisified iindwalutho "kwezoqoqosho ', abanini kunye noohlohlesakhe ngokuchasa ukongamela capital amazwe. Ukususela 1905 ukuya 1911, eli lizwe sele iwupasisile uthotho afwaya antiinostrannyh (1905-1908), umzabalazo 'ukubuyela amalungelo "ukuze concessions wayithimba imigodi amazwe (1906- 1910), xa kuthelekiswa mboleko angaphandle ukwakhiwa kaloliwe kunye nokuthengwa iminyinyiva kaloliwe (1907-1908 ). Kwakukho iphulo elikhulu inkxaso kumashishini ekhaya, ingakumbi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo Chinese Huguanskih iziporo, uze emva koko - "Ukukhuselwa iziporo" (1911). Kubekwe phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente Qing kwiinkampani kaloliwe zabucala iindlela Huguanskih wabangela ngoSeptemba-Oktobha 1911 mvukelo e Sichuan - kwisigaba sokuqala Xinhai Revolution. October 10, 1911 kwakukho mvukelo kwiindawo Wuchang "umkhosi omtsha" ukhokelwa nabavukeli. Esi sixeko wadalwa ngurhulumente wamajoni, elavakaliswa ukubhukuqwa Qing neNgonyama kunye nokusekwa kwe Republic of China.

Emva koku, 14 amaphondo wathi ukuzimela kwazo eBeijing. Ekubeni ayiphumelelanga kunye kwezithandani lo mbuso, i Ch'ing wabanika amandla ngokwenene ikomkhulu ku Jikelele Yuan Shikai - uTimoti yendlela kunye namagunya impiriyali lwangaphakathi. NgoDisemba, iindwendwe zamaphondo ezizimeleyo bahlanganisana e Nanjing, wonyulelwa Sun yat-sen umongameli kwaye kwintloko yorhulumente Nanking. Ekugqibeleni, oku ukuba i "amandla ezimbini" - yokusabela ngokuchaseneyo kwi revolution North South. Yobutshaba basabela zasekuhlaleni kunye namagunya kurhulumente Nanking, kwakunye benkululeko inguqu con stitutsionalistov icala Yuan Shikai udale i inzuzo okukholekileyo North. Sun yat-sen kwafuneka bayeke ngumongameli eli ngokubanzi liza kukulahlwa kwawo yesiManchu ubukhosi ngowe-1912 Emva kokuwa Qing neNgonyama uMongameli Yuan Shikai ezivela kumagunya ekuthiwa-.zaem litsha ukubethelela amandla akhe. Ngehlobo lowe-1913 yena zarhaxwa egazini xandzukela intshukumo yakhe amaphondo esembindini esemazantsi.

China: Amacandelo lobunzima pre-revolution