Sebali kwiincwadi - yintoni na le nto? izinto zophuhliso kunye ibali kulo ncwadi

Modern theory zoncwadi inika iinkcazelo ezininzi eli gama "ngesakhiwo". Ngokutsho Ozhegova sebali kwiincwadi - lo umyalelo kweziganeko noqhagamshelwano. Dictionary Ushakov babeza kuthabatha ukuba uthotho lokwenzekayo, uzinzo kunye nezizathu ngokusasazwa kwenzeka ntoni kulo msebenzi.

Ubudlelwane kunye sebali

Xa ukugxeka mihla Russian zesakhiwo ngayo inkcazelo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Sebali uncwadi ukuqonda indlela Ke kaloku kwathi, wagaleleka kuyo inkcaso iyatyhilwa. Licebo efanayo - iphambili imbambano.

Kodwa ke, ngaphambili, kwakukho yaye kuqhubeka ukuba ezinye izimvo ngalo mba. nabagxeki Russian kwinkulungwane XIX phakathi, zixhaswa yi Veselovsky kunye Gorky bakholwa isakhiwo kwicala compositional, yiloo nto kanye indlela umbhali yazisa umxholo yomsebenzi wakhe. A ibali iincwadi - kukuthi, ngokoluvo lwabo, kanye uphuhliso isenzo kunye nobudlelwane abalinganiswa.

Le ukutyhilwa ke malunga ukuba esi sichazi-magama Ushakov, ogama ibali - oncokola iziganeko konxibelelwano serial.

Okokugqibela, kukho ingongoma yesithathu ngayo. Abo bakholelwa ukuba bakholelwa ukuba ingcamango "ngesakhiwo" Akukho ixabiso ezizimeleyo, kwaye kuhlalutyo yanele ukusebenzisa amagama "isifundo", "elithi" kwaye "inkqubo sebali."

Iintlobo kunye embodiments kwiisekethe imveliso

imbono Modern ukwahlukanisa iindlela ezimbini eziphambili yelenqe: umlando kunye concentric. Ukusuka abanye ukuba ayashiyana uhlobo lobudlelane phakathi kweziganeko. Eyona nto ingundoqo, ngoko ukuthetha - ixesha. uhlobo Chronicle udlala ikhondo yaso yendalo. Concentric - ogxile ayisekho kwi ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nasengqondweni.

isakhiwo sebali Concentric kwiincwadi - kumcuphi, Thriller, iinoveli zentlalo nezengqondo, idrama. Chronicle ixhaphake kakhulu kwi memoirs, le sagas yemisebenzi ezintsha.

isakhiwo sebali Concentric kunye neempawu zayo

Kwimeko olu hlobo ikhondo iziganeko kukho ecacileyo iziqephu imbangela link. Ukuphuhliswa sebali kwiincwadi olu hlobo iyavumelana kwaye enengqondo. Kulula ukuba kuzikhethela amehlo kunye yodwa. Amanyathelo edlulileyo oonobangela kwezi zinto zilandelayo, zonke iziganeko ngokungathi babambisana zibe iyuniti enye. Umbhali liphonononga ungquzulwano.

Ngaphezu koko, imveliso kunokuba zombini yomgama kunye ezininzi umgca - ubudlelwane kobude siyakhuselwa ngokunjalo, ngaphezu koko, naziphi imigca ezintsha ibali zisisiphumo iziganeko sele yenzekile. Zonke ibali zokucupha okanye Thriller eyakhelwe kwi yongquzulwano gca.

indaba newsreel

Kuyenzeka ukuba zokuchasa concentric, kodwa eneneni Akanangxaki, kodwa umgaqo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo kokwakhiwa. Ezi iintlobo amabali uncwadi interpenetrate omnye komnye, kodwa kaninzi yeyona iphambili mhlawumbi omnye okanye abanye.

Tshintsha iziganeko emsebenzini, eyakhelwe-siseko Ukuhambisana, enxibelelene kwexesha. inokuba akukho iqhina ngokukhawuleza, akukho ubhalo imbangela ikhonkco ngokungqongqo (okanye, ubuncinane, le uxhulumaniso boni).

Thina kulo msebenzi ungaya kwi ezahlukahlukeneyo zigcawu, iyonke azondelele ukuba kwenzeka ngokulandelelanayo. Ukuhambisana ye sifundo ncwadi - i mnogokonfliktnoe kunye multi-component ilaphu apho kuvela ukungaboni kwaye kucinywa, indawo omnye abanye.

Ngesakhiwo, uvuthondaba, utyhilo

Kule misebenzi, baya kubhunga * osekelwe phezu impixano, inikeze ifomula scheme. Kuyenzeka ukuba ikheswa iindawo zecandelo. Izinto ibali iincwadi ziquka ingcaciso, isakhiWo, impixano, yokwanda ifuthe ntlekele, luvuthondaba, isenzo phantsi kunye utyhilo.

Kakade ke, zonke ezi zinto zikhona kuzo zonke imveliso. Amaninzi uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana ezimbalwa kubo, ezifana isakhiWo, impixano, imisebenzi yophuhliso, ntlekele, yincopho kunye utyhilo. Kwelinye icala, oko elinexabiso ncam ukuba ukuhlalutya indlela imveliso.

Exposure ngokuphathelele kulo - inxalenye kakhulu static. Umnqophiso walo - ukwazisa ezinye abalinganiswa kunye imeko amanyathelo.

Ngesakhiwo ichaza iziganeko enye okanye ngaphezulu ukuba ukunika amandla okuqhubela phambili inyathelo engundoqo. Ukuphuhliswa sebali kwi ncwadi ngayo impixano, isiphumo ukwanda ingxaki ukuya kuvuthondaba. She - kwincopho komsebenzi, nto leyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutyhileni abalinganiswa abalinganiswa kunye nokusasazwa imbambano. Decoupling kudibanisa eyichukumisa agqibileyo ibali etha kwaye abalinganiswa abadlali.

Kule ncwadi kukho ethile isakhiwo sebali yemizobo ngengqondo ukugwetyelwa kwindawo nefuthe umfundi. isiqalelo ngasinye uchaze indima yalo kunye nokubaluleka.

Ukuba ibali akuthethi abonela kusebenziso lwe cebo, kubonakala ngababuthuntu, ongaqondakaliyo, nengqondo. Sebenzela umdla kubafundi Wayevelana maqhawe bajula zibe okwenzekayo nabo, yonke into ekuwo kufuneka indawo yalo kunye nokuphuhlisa ngokwale mithetho engqondweni.

Imifanekiso iincwadi Old Russian

iincwadi Russian yamandulo, ngokutsho D. S. Lihacheva, i "uncwadi umxholo omnye omnye umxholo." imbali World kunye nentsingiselo yobomi bomntu - ezi ezisisiseko, bha iintshukumisa kunye nemixholo wababhali ngaloo maxesha.

Imifanekiso iincwadi Old Russian kutyhilwa kuthi ebomini, imibhalo, ehamba (Iinkcazelo travel), yeziKronike. Amagama ababhali abaninzi kubo ayaziwa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lokuphumla kwiqela Old Russian liquka imisebenzi ebhalwe kule XI-XVII eminyaka.

Ukwahluka iincwadi wesimanje

Imizamo lokuhlela nokuchaza izifundo kusetyenziswa zazenziwe ngaphezu kanye. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi, "ezine-cycle" Jorge Luis Borges wacebisa ukuba uncwadi ehlabathini kukho ezine kuphela iintlobo zazo:

• ukufuna;
• uthixo ukuzibulala;
• buyela ityala;
• malunga nokudala iinqaba mzi.

Kristofer Bukker kuchonga asixhenxe "ukusuka amadlavu ngobutyebi" (okanye vice versa), olumnandi, "emva naphambili '(apha qatha engqondweni yi" I Hobbit "Tolkien), comedy, yintlekele, ukuvuka noloyiso phezu rhamncwa. Georges Polti wazisa yonke amava uncwadi ihlabathi 36 amanqaku isakhiwo sebali, kunye Kipling ezichongiweyo 69 Ukrainian lunee ntlobo.

Nkqu iingcali profile ezahlukeneyo zange ashiye imkhathaze lo mba. Ngokutsho Carl Gustav Jung, kugqirha odumileyo Swiss umsunguli psychology yohlalutyo, imixholo eziphambili zoncwadi archetypal, zintandathu kuphela - lithunzi, anima, animus, unina wakhe, indoda endala kunye nomntwana.

Pointer iintsomi

Ngaphezu koko, mhlawumbi, i "abelwe" ababhali amathuba inkqubo Aarne-Thompson-Uther - ikwaqondakala ubukho Ukrainian lunee ntlobo 2,500.

Oku, nangona kunjalo, uthetha malunga lwemveli. Le nkqubo - weefayili isalathisi amabali iintsomi, eyaziwa kwinzululwazi ngexesha lo umsebenzi omkhulu.

Kuba kaloku kwathi kukho inkcazelo enye kuphela. Sebali kwiincwadi eso sicwangciso lumi ngolu hlobo: "le indodakazi batshutshiswa usiwa ehlathini, uphose apho. Baba Yaga, okanye Frost, okanye goblin, okanye iinyanga ezili-12, okanye uvavanyo ebusika kwaye umvuzo. Own ntombi Umama, naye ufuna ukufumana isipho, kodwa uphumelele uvavanyo ufe. "

Enyanisweni, yena Aarne wamisa mawungabi ngaphezu kwe-meko lamawaka ngumntu wasentsomini, kodwa wavuma ukuba kungenzeka na ukuvela ezintsha niwabele kuloo yokuhlelwa kwazo ekuqaleni. Ekuqaleni wangena ekuhlaleni academic elivunywe sisininzi isalathisi. Kamva, izazinzulu abavela kumazwe amaninzi ndizenzele nezongezelelo zabo.

Ngo-2004, bekukho Handbook kokuhlelwa zeziphi iintlobo neenkcazo fantastic zahlaziywa kwaye zichaneke kakhulu. Le nguqulelo isalathisi eziqulathwe iindidi ezintsha 250.