Isakhiwo Social

Society iquka izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, izinto ezo xa zidibene rhoqo - ukusuka, amaziko zentlalo umntu kuluntu emikhulu. Konke oku ifakiwe ingqikelelo zentlalo isakhiwo. Ngamanye amazwi ukuthetha, le nto iindawo, izinto zenziwa kuluntu kunye nobudlelwane noluntu kunye nonxibelelwano nabo. Xa kwabantu, okokuqala ingqiqo umphakathi ukuba isicelo uHerbert Spencer, ngubani ngebekuqiqa oku nobuhlala ezinzileyo phakathi eziphilayo lwezentlalo iinxalenye zayo ngabanye. Yena, jikelele, uluntu ufaniswa umzimba. Ngu H. Spencer, isakhiwo lwentlalo - le nkqubo, indawo lweziqalelo oqhagamshelwano phakathi ezisebenzayo kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabo, ukwakha inkqubo into lwangaphakathi.

Kukho iingcaciso ezininzi eli gama. Ngokomzekelo, omnye kubo: ubume bentlalo - ngendlela ethile unxulumano kunye nentsebenziswano lweziqalelo, oko kukuthi, abantu ababambe izikhundla zoluntu (be) kwaye enze imisebenzi ethile (nemisebenzi). Oku kunokubonwa ukuba eyona nto iphambili kule nkcazelo - izinto zonxibelelwano kunye nothetha-thethwano. Okanye, umzekelo, inkcazelo ethathela ingqalelo oomaleko okanye elime yoluntu: zentlalo Isakhiwo yiseti lezithuba karhulumente, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye nokuzibandakanya, alungiswe Walungiswa ngokwemiqathango ezithile ngokwezinga labo.

Iimpawu ubume loluntu kuqwalaselwa kuxhomekeke variables zilandelayo:

1. Ukuxhomekeka.

2. Bonga.

3. Esi silinganiso esisiseko.

4. ekukhangeleni ifuthe phezu isenzeko empirically waphawula.

isakhiwo Social njengoko inkqubo - yinto a ezisezantsi indlela zokuqhagamshelwa ezisebenzisana kuyo nokuqinisekisa ingqibelelo yayo. Ziziphi ezisezantsi zibandakanyiwe kule nkqubo karhulumente? isakhiwo Social ibandakanya abantu iqela labantu (yoluntu), simanyene abathile njengekhrayitheriya, uqhagamshelo zazo, ulwalamano kunye nonxibelelwano, imibutho eyahlukeneyo kunye namaziko, amaqela, uluntu, imithetho, imilinganiselo, yaye ngaphezulu. Nganye kwezi zinto, iinxalenye isakhiwo inokuba nolwalamano ethile kunye namanye, babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ethile ukudlala indima ethile eluntwini.

Uhlalutyo enenkcukacha lobume loluntu wawiswa UKarl Marx, owabonisa ukuba imiba yezopolitiko, inkcubeko kunye neyenkolo yobomi ixhomekeke indlela kwimveliso. Yena ingqalelo ukuba isiseko kwezoqoqosho imisela ukuba superstructure yembono nenkcubeko yoluntu. Abalandeli nabafundi uKarl Marx ecetywayo sengqondo ngandlel 'ithile, xa ucinga ke umbutho inkcubeko, ezopolitiko kunye ezizinzululwazi lokuzimela kwaye kuxhomekeke kwicandelo lezoqoqosho ekugqibeleni kuphela.

Kodwa cinga uKarl Marx kunye nabalandeli bakhe phezu nobudlelwane kwezentlalo kubume yoluntu wayengekho yedwa. Ngenxa yoko, Durkheim wabhala, ingakumbi, ukuba amaziko zentlalo kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekudibaniseni uluntu, idibanisa kunye iindawo ezahlukeneyo kuyo kunye. Uthe ngaphandle iintlobo ezimbini yonxulumano zolwakhiwo: solidarity ngomatshini organic. Weber bafunda nabaqhuba ukuhlalutywa amalungiselelo eziko kuluntu: kwimarike, uyilandela kunye nezopolitiko.

T. Parsons ukholelwa ukuba iNkampani uhlobo olukhethekileyo kwinkqubo yezentlalo, nto leyo iba kwinqanaba eliphezulu obungcali kunye nokwanela. ubunye esebenzayo kuluntu inkqubo kumiselwa ezisezanti zentlalo, yena wathi uqoqosho (adaptation), ezopolitiko (tseledostizheniya), inkcubeko (ulondolozo isampuli). Ezimanyanisayo efanayo umsebenzi uluntu iya kumiselwa inkqubo "uluntu yoluntu" eyenziwa isakhiwo ikakhulu elawulayo.