Ukuqulunqwa kwamatyala kumazwe esonto

Ngokumalunga nokuguqulwa okunjalo, njengokwakhiwa kwemimandla yebandla, bekusekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 neye-16. Kodwa kwakukho kuphela ngekhulu le-18 ukuba isigqibo salo mbuzo sagqitywa. Kwakule nkulungwane ukuba urhulumente wakwazi ukulungisa isigqibo esimiselweyo ngexesha lolawulo luka-Ivan III.

I-Secularization kukupheliswa kweendawo ezinkulu zeendawo ze-ecclesias. Yaye yile nkqubo eyayiqeda umzabalazo omde wabalawuli baseRussia kunye necawa yamazwe. Yaye inyaniso yokuba kwenzeka ngekhulu le-18 ayikho ingozi.

Ngelo xesha, impumelelo enkulu yenziwe kwi-capitalism yorhwebo, kwaye uhlobo lwamalungelo ayenziwa ngokubhekisele kumazwe e- ecclesias ayemvimbela oku. Inqobo eyona nto yayikukuba ilizwe liyimveliso evela kuyo. Oku kwakukunelisekile ngokupheleleyo ngokuhlaziywa kwesahlulo sokuqala se-18 leminyaka, eyayikhulula umhlaba ngokuxhomekeke kumlawuli. Okwangoku, iindawo zecawa, ngenxa yobuhlobo obukhethekileyo bokusetyenziswa kwazo, azizange zihlukaniswe. Abefundisi banokuzifumana kuphela, kodwa abanalo ilungelo lokuluhlukana nangaluphi na uhlobo.

Le nto yayiyiyo kuphela imbangela yesiqhamo esibizwa ngokuthi "ukubethelwa kwemimandla yeekolo." Kwakukho ezinye izizathu, umzekelo, wendalo yangasese. Inyaniso kukuba umgaqo wonke ngokuphathelele kumazwe aseRussia wawuncike kakhulu kwiminqweno enomdla. Le ngqobhoko yobukhosi yayenza konke okusemandleni ukunyusa ukubamba kwayo, ngelixa iindawo ezingenasiseko zomhlaba weli candelo eliqhelekileyo likarhulumente sele sele ziphelile. Ewe, ilizwe elingaphandle kwabantu abambalwa banomdla. Abahloniphekileyo babecinga ukuba ukubethelwa kweentlanga kunye nabahlali belizwe beza kwenza i-fund efanelekileyo eya kubavumela ukuba bandise ngakumbi.

Abantu abalawulayo ixesha elide babengenakugqiba isigqibo malunga nokuphulwa komanyano, okwakhiwa kubungani belizwe kunye necawa. Kwimizuzu yesibini yekhulu le-18 kuphela kwimizamo enyanzelisayo. Emva kokungabaza, uPeter III ngo-1762 wakhupha incwadi, eyona sizathu sokuba kudalwe iBhodi ekhethekileyo yezoQoqosho, eya kulawulwa yonke icawa. Ngelo xesha, kwakunqunyelwe ukususa bonke abantu ababenokomoya ngokwezikhundla zabo. Abalimi abasebenza kwiindawo zesonto, endaweni yokuhlawula iimbopheleleko ezindala, babenyanzelekile ukuba bahlawule umboleko we-ruble ngaphezulu komvuzo ngamnye. Ngoko, ekusebenziseni abantu, kwahlala umhlaba abawulima ecaweni yevotchinnikov, kodwa ilizwe elingakaze lisetyenziswe (izigulane, njl.), Kufuneka linikezwe abo banqwenela ukuyeka. Kwaye zonke iifizi ezifunyenweyo zafika ekulahlweni kweKholeji eyenziwe. Ngoko ke, abasebenzi babengabunzima, kodwa zonke iindleko ezithathwe ngabaphathi ziza kubuyiselwa kubalimi ngokukhawuleza.

Nangona kunjalo, lo myalelo wenziwa ngexeshana. Kakade uCatherine oMkhulu, ngenxa yobume obuhle kwimeko eburhulumenteni, kufuneka ahambe "kwiqhinga." Ukufunyanwa kwemithetho yee-Church kuye kwaqatshelwa kuye njengomlinganiselo ongenakulinganisa, umyalelo wawususwe, kwaye amazwe abuya ecaweni, kubandakanywa. Nabasimili. I-Impress yavula kwakhona iicawa zasekhaya zitywinwe ngexesha likaPetros III kwaye zaqala ukukhuthaza ngazo zonke iindlela zokuvuselela impembelelo yabafundisi kwimibandela yokunyanzelisa, njl njl.

Ukuqhelaniswa kweentlanga zamazwe ecawa kwabangela ingxabano phakathi kwabahlali bezilwanyana. Kwaye kwakuhloniphekile, ukubeka ngokuthobeka, ukucaphukisa. Ngenxa yoko, uCatherine Ukhulu wenza isigqibo esitsha: ukumisa okwesikhashana ukupheliswa komthetho kunye nokwenza ikhomishini yophando olubanzi lo mbandela. Ngelo xesha, uMpress wayesele eqinisekisa ukuba abefundisi njengombutho wezopolitiko babuthathaka kakhulu. Emva kwayo yonke, imiyalelo yakhe yavutha nomsindo phakathi kwabaphathi kunye nokugungqa okukhulu, kodwa akukho mntu wayethetha ngokukhululeka. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokwemimiselo ka-1764, bonke ababhishophu, i-synodal, i-ecclesiastical and monastic patrimonies zagqitywa kwi-collegium. Endaweni yelizwe elikhethiweyo, abefundisi bebekhutshwa ngokugcinwa kwimeko yoluntu, kwaye kamva, ngexesha lovavanyo lomhlaba jikelele, lafumana iindawo ezincinane zomhlaba.

Akunakwenzeka ukuphendula ngokungaqondakaliyo yintoni eyona nto yayingumhlaba omkhulu weendawo zecawa, ezilungileyo okanye ezimbi, kodwa ukuba le milinganiselo yayivelele ngokwenene kwinkulungwane yayo, ngokuqinisekileyo.