Collectivization eSoviet Union: iinjongo kunye neziphumo

Ngeminyaka yee-1920 ubunkokheli eSoviet wathabatha ikhondo uthotho mveliso. Kodwa ke ukwakhiwa omkhulu kweendawo zoshishino kwakufuneka imali eninzi. Sagqiba ekubeni sikhwele kubo elalini. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa collectivization.

Njani ukuba kwaqala

Izama ukunyanzela abalimi ukuba asebenze umhlaba kunye iiBolsheviks bathabatha nkqu ngexesha leMfazwe Civil. Kodwa Thethani abantu beza kabuhlungu. Abalimi uyarhuqeka nomhlaba kwaye ayikwazanga ukuqonda isizathu sokuba transfer nzima bafumana indawo kwi "imbiza eqhelekileyo". Ngoko ke, oomasipala kunikwa becala amahlwempu, yaye kabuhlungu.

Ukususela ekuqaleni nep, collectivization eSoviet Union uyekile ukusebenza. Kodwa kwisiqingatha sesibini 1920, xa kwinkongolo elilandelayo iqela wagqiba ekubeni libe semagqabini kwezoshishino, kwacaca ukuba kwakufuneka imali eninzi. Thatha mboleko phesheya mntu wayesiya - kuba kungekudala kwakuza kufuneka anike. Ngoko ke sagqiba ukufumana iimali eziyimfuneko oko kusenziwa ngokudlela indlala kumazwe angaphandle, kuquka iinkozo. imithombo siphon enjalo ukusuka kwezolimo nako nyanzela kuphela abalimi ukuba ukusebenzela urhulumente. Nokwakhiwa kakhulu iifektri ubonelela ukuba isixeko uya kutsala ngabafakwa uviko, leyo kufuneka zidluliselwe. Ngoko ke, collectivization eSoviet Union lokulwa.

Ebusika 1927-1928 ,. kwaduma ingqolowa yokuthenga ntlekele. Nabalimi belizwe xa bebonke, kwakunye kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili, Musa ukungxama ukuba athathe iinkozo ukuba amaxabiso idenariyo. Kodwa ke urhulumente ugqibe ukuzihlutha abona ngamandla lokuvuna. Yamkelwa ngoJanuwari 1928 myalelo efunekayo iqela lokohlwaya abalimi abo sithengise ngengqolowa ngamaxabiso aphezulu. Baqala kwabanjwa ubunzima kunye kohluthwa isonka "beyifuna."

Kule amandla zange ayeke khona. Xa emthonjeni nyaka, umthetho kwadluliselwa wezolimo olulodwa. Iya kuba iifama exempt zomanyano, abalimi nempumelelo kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule imali endilisekileyo. Irubrikhi, Bundisinda njengomthwalo onzima zokuqokelela yenkcubeko, nokuzeyisa irhafu, nomrhumo ezinyanzelekileyo mboleko ezahlukeneyo. Enyanisweni, ukuba sele ekuqaleni collectivization: iifama nemibutho kwanyanzeleka ukuba acande iindlela kwezoqoqosho. abalimi Kungekudala abazizityebi kwakhona baphulukana nelungelo lokuthatha ngaphandle mboleko, sebenzisa abasebenzi njengomqeshwa nezixhobo lwezolimo ukuyithenga.

ngenkani

Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi ndlela nto kwakhokelela ekwandeni kwenani lweefama. Ngaphandle kokuba iifama ezintsha zadalwa iimeko zivuma, abalimi Musa ukungxama ukuya khona. NgoNovemba 1929, xa Stalin ababesithi kwimeko collectivization waqalisa "yenguqu ezinkulu", kunye nabantu lisihla ngobuninzi kwiifama Beliqela, ngokwenene lwaluquka% 6-7 kuphela fama. Ngaphezu koko, uxinzelelo irhafu kukhokelele kumafama ngentshukumo maxa wambi agalelwa kwimvukelo zendalo.

Emva mazwi Stalin malunghana i "zaguquka" collectivization eSoviet Union olukhawulezisiweyo. Phambi kokuba ubunkokheli beqela weRiphabliki ukubeka nemihla ecacileyo apho wonke umfama mmandla ukuba zidityaniswe zibe kwiifama ehlangeneyo. nokudliwa Mass kunye ukukhutshwa "kulaks" ngomlinganiselo omkhulu: i Urals kunye eSiberia waya amawaka abantu kutshanje baye wemikhosi ngempumelelo. Phantsi cannibalization, Noko ke, wawa nje abalimi kakuhle-off, kwimimandla emininzi, iye yaba ukuphanga banal. Ngokufuthi, kwakukho iimeko xa ntliziyo zasekuhlaleni urhuqa ukusuka kwizindlu emaphandleni, nkqu ifanitshala, yaye ngenqindi okanye prokulak wathi ngabo nje andifuni ukuya kuloo fama. Kulo meko, abantu baqalisa ukuba abalekele kweso sixeko, ukuthengisa ipropati yabo ngelize, ukuze sisinde ngandlel 'ithile.

Lo mgaqo-nkqubo neziphumo ukwanda kwenani kunye nabalimi luqhankqalazo. Eli lizwe nganeno ngaseludinini imfazwe yamakhaya. Kuphela kukungabi yombutho kunye nabalimi abahlwempuzekileyo izixhobo wavumela iiBolsheviks ukuthintela omnye ungquzulwano kakhulu. Kwaye oko kumenze kakuhle igunya labo, ngokuba baxhasa ulawulo - umkhosi - inkoliso yabo ivela elalini. NgoMatshi 1930, uxinzelelo kumafama bagqiba ukunciphisa. Iqembu elibusayo ezintsha, njengoko eli nqaku yapapashwa phambi Stalin kaThixo "Uyagula kunye Success", wasigweba yokubana ukungena efama. Abalimi baqalisa ukuhamba endle wothiyiweyo kuqoqosho lwabo. Wajika emva wayengekho apho. Iphuma efama erhafiswa ezinjalo iirhafu ezikhokelela lizwe igadi yinto engenakwenzeka.

Iziphumo collectivization

Ngo-1932 i collectivization eSoviet Union yaphela eneneni. Inkoliso yamafama yabasebenzi kwiifama ehlangeneyo. Nantso kuphela ngomsebenzi wabo wafumana iinxalenye omncinane yesityalo leyo. Ezinye izinto kwamanye amazwe. Umphumo waba ubusela enkulu yengqolowa amasimi; ngokuba apho umthetho omtsha enikwa kangangeminyaka eli-10 okanye abulawe. imimandla okuziinkozo USSR indlala yahlasela. E Ukraine, umzekelo, wafa ngaphandle iilali yonke. Kwakungekho kule ndawo intle emaqeleni Kazakh, apho workpiece uyanyanzeliswa inyama.

Enyanisweni, lo collectivization kweenjongo sele ziphunyeziwe. Atyhwatyhwe ngenxa ingcinezelo nendlala nabalimi ngokuthobeka babesebenza kwifama liza kuhlawuliswa intlawulo ngokuhlupheka uhlobo - babizwa ngokuba nasemsebenzini. Urhulumente efunyenwe kwilali izibonelelo eziyimfuneko. Kodwa ke iifama nemibutho ngokwabo babe iifama ngempumelelo, kodwa kunoko, abe ngomnye wonobangela zentlekele yoqoqosho eSoviet.