Collectivization kwezolimo: iinjongo, kakuhle iziphumo

Kweli thuba kusekwe kwaye nophuhliso kurhulumente eSoviet, ekuqaleni kwembali leyo ephawulwe uloyiso kwiBolsheviks ngo-Oktobha Revolution, kwakukho iiprojekthi ezinkulu-isikali kwezoqoqosho ezininzi zazo amanyathelo ukunyanzelisa olungqongqo wenziwe. Enye yazo collectivization kwezolimo, iinjongo, uhlobo, iziphumo, kunye neendlela ezibe ngumxholo kweli nqaku.

Yintoni collectivization kwaye iyintoni injongo yawo?

Collectivization kwezolimo ngokufutshane singachazwa njengento inkqubo yendalo ukuhlanganisa iifama zabantu nganye ezincinane yezolimo umbutho emikhulu, nezaziwa ehlangeneyo emfutshane. Ngowe-1927 kwenzeka i XV Congress elilandelayo le-CPSU (b), nto leyo laqalisa nokuphunyezwa kwale nkqubo, kwaye ke kwindawo engundoqo ye kummandla lizwe ngo-1933.

Collectivization, ngokutsho ubunkokheli beqela, yaba ukuvumela ilizwe ukujongana yondele ngexesha le ngxaki lokutya ngokutsha kweefama ezincinane sokubandakanyeka abalimi embindini kunye kwizakhiwo amahlwempu, zibe emikhulu yezolimo. Kwangaxeshanye, nokuphelisa kulindeleke lilonke kulaks zasemaphandleni wathi utshaba yenguqu epheleleyo yobusoshiyali.

Izinto ezibangela collectivization

Lwabasunguli collectivization eyibona le ngxaki iphambili kwezolimo yiyantlukwano yayo. abavelisi akhasayo ezininzi, ndayihluthwa ithuba lokufumana izixhobo zale mihla, ubukhulu becala kusetyenziswa eselizweni ezisezantsi imveliso kunye nabasebenzi manual kakuhle, nto leyo akazange avumele ukuba ukufumana izivuno eziphezulu. Isiphumo ibe elinyusayo ukunqongophala kokutya kunye nezinto mveliso ekrwada.

Ukuze kulungiswe le ndaba ebalulekile kwaye sele ajongana ngayo collectivization epheleleyo kwezolimo. Umhla wokuqalisa ukuphunyezwa kwayo, yaye kucingwa ukuba ngoDisemba 19, 1927 - imini lokugqitywa XV Congress of the CPSU (b) yaba kukutshintsha kubomi lali. Yaqala indlobongela kokuqhekeka kwe-kwiinkulungwane zangaphambili indlela yokuphila.

Ngaba oko - andazi ukuba yintoni

Ngokungafaniyo iinguqu ngaphambili kwezolimo eRashiya, ezifana njengoko isenziwa 1861 ngu Alexander II kunye Stolypin ngo-1906, collectivization lukho ndawonye, akazange abe inkqubo eyilelwe ngokucacileyo, nokuba iindlela ezichongiweyo ngqo of ukuqonda yayo.

Party Congress bayalelwa kwi utshintsho olukhulu-nkqubo ngokunxulumene kwezolimo, kwaye inkokheli zasekuhlaleni phambili ngokwabo, olo eziya kuluthwala ngokwazo, ukuliphumeza. Nkqu walitshitshisa imizamo yabo isibheno kurhulumente kazwelonke ukuba ingcaciso.

Lo msebenzi uye waqala

Kunjalo, inkqubo, leyo iqalwa Party Congress, wangena kunyaka olandelayo wathimba inxalenye ebalulekileyo yeli lizwe. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukungena esemthethweni kwi ifama wavakaliswa ngokuzithandela, kwiimeko ezininzi, indalo yazo kwamanyathelo olawulo kunye nokunyanzeliswa.

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1929 kwi-USSR kukho agroupolnomochennye baba - amagosa batyelele isiza kwaye abameli amagunya eliphezulu kurhulumente ukuba esweni inkqubela collectivization. Anikwa ukunceda amaqela amaninzi Komsomol kwakhona bazilungiselela ngokutsha ubomi lali.

Stalin waba "yotshintsho enkulu" ebomini abalimi

Ngosuku olulandelayo, isikhumbuzo 12 bomzabalazo - Novemba 7, 1928, iphephandaba "PRAVDA" Stalin lapapasha inqaku apho wayesithi le "kukutshintsha enkulu" ebomini lali. Ngokutsho kwakhe, eli lizwe likwazile ukwenza utshintsho wembali ukusuka kwamafama asakhasayo kwezolimo phambili, nxiba qho ehlangeneyo.

Ikwanika Iimpawu ezithile ezininzi (ikakhulu ebaxiweyo), nto leyo lubonise ukuba collectivization yonke bezisa izibonelelo eziphathekayo kwezoqoqosho. Ukususela ngaloo mini isivi amaphephandaba eSoviet bazaliswa yindumiso "isantya eliphumelelayo of collectivization."

Indlela amafama collectivization ngenkani

Lo mfanekiso real yahlukile kakhulu kulo lowo wazama ukuba niyinikele amalungu ubuxoki. nokususwa ngenkani unikelo lwengqolowa abalimi, ephelekwa kwabanjwa abaninzi kunye nokonakaliswa kwiifama, enyanisweni, kuye kwafaka ilizwe libe imfazwe entsha yamakhaya. Ngelo xesha xa Stalin wathi uloyiso ngokutsha yali kule lali, kwiindawo ezininzi zeli lizwe wavutha neyabalimi imvukelo, ekupheleni kuka-1929 kweli amakhulu.

Kwangaxeshanye, imveliso kanye iimveliso zolimo, echasene iingxelo ezenziwe ubunkokheli beqela ayinyuki, bawe catastrophically. Oku kungenxa yokuba amafama amaninzi, ngenxa yokoyika zibaliwe ngamanqindi, engafuni ukuba impahla yakhe ifama, izityalo kuncitshiswa ngabom kunye nemfuyo ixhelwe. Ngoko ke, lo collectivization epheleleyo - kwenziwa yinkqubo buhlungu, yaliwe uninzi Iwabemi emaphandleni, kodwa zonke ukusebenzisa iindlela yesinyanzelo yolawulo.

Imizamo ukukhawulezisa inkqubo

Emva koko, ngoNovemba 1929, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuqinisa inkqubo kuqala ngokutsha kwezolimo ukuthumela kwilali 25 lamawaka. Abasebenzi abaninzi abazi kunye esebenzayo apho ukukhokela adalwe iifama ehlangeneyo. Esi siganeko waya ngembali yelizwe njengendlela intshukumo "engamashumi-Five-Thousander". Kamva, xa collectivization wathabatha umda chatha, inani labathunywa ezidolophini liye landa phantse lunemiba ezintathu.

An umfutho eyongezelelweyo inkqubo ngokwasentlaweni kweefama yanikwa isigqibo Central Committee CPSU (b) ngoJanuwari 5, 1930. Ibeka isakhelo ixesha elithile apho collectivization ke ukuba yagqitywa kwimimandla engundoqo olimekayo kweli lizwe. Le Directive umisele lokugqibela ukugqithisela ukuba uhlobo adibeneyo yolawulo ukuwa-1932.

Nangona isigqibo categorical, kulo, njengoko ngaphambili, akazange anikezele nayiphi na ingcaciso ethile le ndlela zibandakanya kwiifama ingqokelela yezinto umlimi izihlwele nkqu wanikela inkcazelo ngqo oko isiphelo ukuba ifama ehlangeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, intloko ngalinye kukhokelwa ingcamango yakhe ngako oku, engazange ibonwe ngaphambili, uhlobo lombutho umsebenzi nobomi.

Le nalwazelelelo of Local Authorities

Ezi meko zinje kukhokelele kwiimeko ezininzi nalwazelelelo yasekuhlaleni. Omnye umzekelo okunjalo eSiberia, apho amagosa asekuhlaleni endaweni iifama ezidityanelweyo waqala ukudala ezinye communes kunye elihle kwezentlalo, neenkomo, izixhobo kunye umhlaba olimekayo nje kuphela, kodwa ngokubanzi ipropati lonke, kuquka izinto zabo.

Ngelo xesha, iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni, zikhuphisane kwezinye ukufikelela ekhulwini collectivization liphezulu, zange madolw 'anzima ukusebenzisa amanyathelo zenkohlakalo ingcinezelo abo bazama ukuphepha inxaxheba kwinkqubo asakhulayo. Oku kwabangela ukudidiyela entsha yokunganeliseki kwiindawo ezininzi kuthatha uhlobo kwase.

Indlala, elisuke laba sisiphumo nkqubo omtsha agrarian

Noko ke, isithili ngasinye ngamnye lifumene isicwangciso ethile ukulungiselela ukuqokelelwa iimveliso zolimo yenzelwe kurhwebo lwasemakhaya nakwamanye amazwe, kuba inzaliseko apho amagosa basekuhlaleni ngokobuqu noxanduva. wabonakala unikezelo elifutshane ngamnye sisibonakaliso ngabom kwaye kunemiphumela emibi.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu le meko iye yaphuhliswa apho iintloko kwizithili, uloyiko uxanduva, amafama kwanyanzeleka ukuba unganikisi kurhulumente zonke ezikhoyo njengoko yengqolowa, kuquka fund imbewu. Ipatheni esifanayo iqatshelwe izilwanyana, apho iingxelo zathunyelwa ukuxhela zonke ukufuya iinkomo. Yandiswa nobuntsompothi ukungafaneleki kakhulu yeenkokeli ezihlangeneyo, inkoliso yabo beza emzaneni lokufowuna qela yaye ubengazi kwezolimo.

Ngenxa yoko, kwenziwa ngendlela enjalo collectivization okupheleleyo kwezolimo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuphazamiseka ukutya sezixeko namagxamesi - ukuba kube nendlala. Ngakumbi buhlungu kwakusebusika 1932 nasentlakohlaza 1933. Kwangaxeshanye, nangona ulawulo miscalculations ezicacileyo, abasemagunyeni lunokusolwa oko kwenzeka kwezinye iintshaba ukuzama kunokuthintela uphuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe.

Ukuphelisa eyona ndawo zaba balimi

A indima ebalulekileyo ngokoqobo ukungaphumeleli kwe-nkqubo yamsukela mayidlalwe nokupheliswa ekuthiwa-udidi kulaks - abalimi esisityebi bakwazi ukuyila ixesha ngamandla kuqoqosho nep ezamahala bavelise yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yazo zonke iimveliso zezolimo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuba akazange enze ingqiqo ukuzibandakanya ngokubambiseneyo kunye ngokuzithandela yaliwe ezifunyenwe yi-asethi zabo zabasebenzi.

Ekubeni le umzekelo abanakwanela ingcamango iyonke kunikwe kwakhona indawo yasemaphandleni, yaye, ngokoluvo yenkokheli beqela lizwe, makhe senze abalimi ezidityanelweyo usizana ophakathi, waqalisa emzimbeni lwabo.

Ngoko nangoko zeza umyalelo ehambelana ngokususela apho iifama kulak zaye uyathinjwa, yonke impahla ocande ubunini iifama ngokuhlangeneyo, kunye ngenkani ukuba bagxothwe kwi Far North kunye East Far. Ngoko ke, lo collectivization ngokupheleleyo kwimimandla okuziinkozo-okukhulayo USSR kwenzeka kusemnandi ngokunxunguphala iyonke nxamnye abameli iyimpumelelo abalimi uyayenza imigudu amandla iphambili kweli lizwe.

Kamva, iqela amanyathelo athathiweyo ukuze woyise loo meko ezikhoyo, ukuba inxalenye ukubuyisela imeko ezilalini kwaye ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa imveliso yezolimo. Oku kwenza Stalin ukuya Plenum of the Party, eyayiqhutyelwa ngoJanuwari 1933, ukuba baxele soyise yonxulumano yali kwicandelo nemibutho. Kukholelwa ukuba le collectivization esiluqilima kwezolimo sagqitywa.

Yintoni wagcina eyishiyile collectivization?

Zibubungqina ubaqononondise amanani manani kukhutshwa kule minyaka perestroika. Babetha nkqu noko kusenokwenzeka ukuba ingapheleli. Kwezi, kucacile ukuba collectivization epheleleyo zezolimo kwagqitywa kulandela isiphumo: kuba ixesha lakhe wagxothelwa abalimi ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2, kunye kwincopho inkqubo le akhawunti ye 1930-1931. xa phantsi ukubana ngenkani phantse 1 million 800 namawaka. belali. Abekho ezandleni zakhe, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu okanye omnye kholisi ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe. Ukongeza, amaxhoba yindlala 6 million abantu ezilalini.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, umgaqo collectivization ngenkani kweefama kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni zoqhankqalazo zininzi phakathi belali. Ngokutsho kwe data ezigcinwe kwii-akhayivu le GPU, kuphela ngoMatshi 1930 kwakukho malunga 6500 neziphithiphithi, kunye 800 ukucinezela ngamandla ezi zixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo.

Ngokubanzi, kwakusazeka ukuba kunyaka kweli lizwe sabhalwa ukwenza kwama-14 amawaka. Folk, leyo zazinyaswa malunga 2 million kumafama. Kulo mba, sisoloko ukuva uluvo lokuba ezi ngcingo ngale ndlela collectivization nga lifike kohlanga yabantu babo.