Lokuqala uMphathi eMoscow All Russia: version yembali isihloko kunye namandla

Nakule lwekhulu kobuOthodoki XIV kwabutshintsha. Emva kokuba Turks oyisa eConstantinople ngowe-1453, ukuwa Byzantium neRashiya, nongakhange ngomawokhulu yayo, yaba ilizwe kuphela Orthodox elizimeleyo ehlabathini. Onke amabandla Eastern babephantsi kolawulo abasemagunyeni Turkish. Le meko negalelo yokuba 1589 bafakwa inkonzo uMphathi yokuqala eMoscow All Russia, uYobhi zibonakaliswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezinye oomawokhulu ezine Orthodox.

umkhonzi Childhood John

Xela uMphathi wokuqala eMoscow All Russia, wamkela uBhaptizo oyiNgcwele - John. Ngokuphathelele ukuzalwa kwakhe walondoloza ulwazi weza ehlabathini banesifo kwinkulungwane XVI. Ngokutsho iingxelo, usolusapho yokuqala eMoscow All Russia, wazalwa kwintsapho abantu abaqhelekileyo, owafuza ebizwa ngokuba yi-class Posad. Imbali uye wayilondoloza kuphela Igama sikanina, yayamkela emva ukwamkelwa monasticism kuthi - Pelagia.

Esemncinane le nkwenkwe wanikwa nguYohane ndawo eMonastri, apho wayeza kudlula lokufunda nokubhala kunye neziseko wokholo. Oku kungaba ubungqina ukuhlonela abazali khetha umntwana ukufundisa umntwana wakho nothando nokholo njengobawo, kunye ezithile kwintabalala yabo, ekubeni ngaloo minyaka imfuneko kaninzi yenza abantwana ukusuka kwiminyaka yokuqala iqale ukusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi woonongendi engcwele bavuswe umfana imvakalelo zonqulo enzulu nomnqweno ukuba indela. Ngaphambi kokuba usolusapho elizayo yokuqala eMoscow All Russia bayisungula kwindlela umnyulwa wakhe, kwafuneka ukuba yokuqaqadeka iinjongo zabo.

isithethe Church isixelela ukuba uyise Ndakuthingaza ukukwazi unyana wakhe kuthwala ubunzima yobomi emishini efuna babuye kuye amacebo akhe ukufumana kuye umtshakazi, baqubuda umtshato. Ungaze ngaphambili zange ukuziphikisa abazali babo, uYohane akazange nabuganga kwinjongosenzi kweli xesha, kodwa ngosuku lomtshato wacela imvume ukuze aye woonongendi sityelele iseli ye nomcebisi wakhe ngokomoya.

Anyuke indlela monasticism

Akazange abuyele endlwini yakhe. Emva bethetha Archimandrite boy isiJamani uZingqi wagqiba ukuba indawo yakhe ayikho kwihlabathi esixakekileyo, kwaye ezindongeni woonongendi engcwele. Ngosuku olufanayo lwakhe isiko ukhakhayi wanikwa igama uYobhi, abathatha emva kwabo ngokuzingisileyo ayeze ingcwele Ukubandezeleka kukaYobhi.

Ubomi emishini akukho lula nayiphi monk novopostrizhennogo. Amakhonkco ezininzi kakhulu kwi ethambisayo uyalela iingcinga oko awashiyileyo ehlabathini, wenza isenzo sakhe zibalulekileyo ebomini. Kunzima ngayo nazigqibo kwiimeko ezimaxongo bahlalise woonongendi, kodwa kunzima ndizinyanzele ukuba ukuthobela ukuthanda kwakhe, kodwa kuphela imithetho yindoda emcebisayo, ngubani ithathe banyamekele lokusekwa yokomoya lo mfundi.

Future Ubhishophu wokuqala eMoscow All Russia, uYobhi omnye abo basebenzi abenza ngokuzithoba ngokulinganayo nayiphi kusisa kuzo ukuthobela. Ngaphambi yanyukela ezincotsheni abasemagunyeni zeCawa, waya kuwo onke amanqanaba enkonzo emishini - ukusuka mafikizolo elula ukuya umphathi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 1569, ngethuba bekutyelelo weemonki Ivanom Groznym, wenza sithandwe ukumkani emva kwexesha elifutshane njengomyalelo wakhe waba Archimandrite.

Amanqanaba indlela Inkonzo

Ekupheleni kuka 1570 waya eMoscow waza waba Umphathi we Simonov Monastery. Isihloko iminyaka emihlanu, omnye maxe- sikhulu kweli lizwe, eSt uYobhi libandakanyeka kuphela unqulo kodwa kubomi kwezopolitiko kweli lizwe.

Kweli xesha lizayo Wabakhapha zokuhlala eziliqela, kulandele neliso lakhe ngubhishopu wokuqala Kolomna, uze emva koko uBhishophu Rostov Enkulu. Inqanaba eliphezulu wegunya zethuba elifikelela ku-St uYobhi 1587, waba Metropolitan of eMoscow. Nangona kunjalo, phambi elinde ukuba, isihloko esitsha phezulu - uMphathi wokuqala eMoscow All Russia.

Ukusekwa ngubhishophu eRashiya

Ukukwazi ukuba usolusapho zabo kweli lizwe ngenxa yeemeko ezininzi, ingakumbi kukwandisa indima Orthodox Russian phakathi kwamanye amazwe, ngelo xesha phantsi kwedyokhwe Turkish. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, inqaba owayesakuba eMpuma Church - Byzantium - wawa ngo 1453 phantsi kwengcinezelo zabahlaseli.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Turks wawungalwaleli imisebenzi yebandla lamaKristu ezinabantu bona, kodwa wenza nxamnye abameli balo unceremoniously kakhulu, njengako kakhulu mnandi nokuthatha nayiphi na impahla yakhe. ukubahlutha ezinjalo kuqhutywa njalo ngenceba, ukuthatha isimilo wabaphangi undisguised kunye nemibutho ibandla ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela wawabeka ezinabantu, ukuba ukudinwa epheleleyo.

Ngenxa yokungabi namali ukuba yakhiwe iicawa kutshatyalaliswa kunye nesiqulatho abefundisi, nezo beCawa yaseByzantium ndanyanzeleka ukuba ndibhenele ku Russian Tsar Fodoru Ioannovichu ukuze ufumane uncedo-mali. Yibone Russian wasebenzisa eli ithuba elihle, kuba, ngokutsho Charter kwebandla, ndibeke usolusapho entsha kusenokuba kuphela ukwenza hlobo, nangenxa uMphathi yokuqala eMoscow All Russia uye waba ukumkani nabantu ekunene kwakufuneka intsikelelo yakhe.

Lo mcimbi mkhulu kubomi ibandla

Intloko yebandla yaseByzantium weza yaMandulo e-1588 yaye, njengoko ababephila, waza wawabetha akanaso yasebhotwe, kwaye iqhayiya unqulo zabanjwa kwiitempile ikomkhulu likaThixo. Ukongeza, njengoko yaziwa evela kwimithombo enye, oko ibe abayibonayo kubonakaliswa ezingqondweni yokuhlonela abantu Russian babona kuba sisigxina.

Yonke imihla, naphi na apho usolusapho wabonakala, yena engqongwe zizihlwele oxineneyo yabantu efuna intsikelelo. Not uziva ukhululekile ukuba honisi ibinzana efudumeleyo kangaka ngonqulo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ahlale iiyure esitratweni, engqongwe yi ijikazi amakholwa.

Ababhali-mbali uqaphele ukuba icebo yakhe yokuqala wayeza kufumana uncedo lwemali evela ukumkani, yaye akukho nto ngakumbi kwakungelula. Noko ke, sisazi ukuba yokwala ukuthobela isicelo le nguzwilakhe le wanikela Russian Church uBhishophu, uya Shiya ingenanto-sasekhohlo, uYeremiya wanyanzeleka ukuba uyavuma, yaye isiphumo Februwari 5, 1589 kwi esitulweni amadoda elisandul 'ukusekwa wenyuka uMphathi wokuqala eMoscow All Russia. Unyulo kukuba lo msebenzi eliphezulu ngayo uYobhi Metropolitan kwaba ngokuyalelwa Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha, ukukhetha waza kumpha ubabalo yasebukhosini.

Imisebenzi kasolusapho entsha

I kutshanje i uMphathi wokuqala eMoscow All Russia, igunya lakhe kunatyiselwa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi zonqulo, ngoko nangoko wenza utshintsho ecaweni yangaphakathi akhethwe. Innovation abachaphazelekayo bobabini nokudalwa ezongezelelweyo ingqeqesho lwenqila kwaye kuphuculwe phakathi abefundisi. Ekhaya na ingxaki yakho wabona kwi sekomelezeni kobuOthodoki namandla yokomoya karhulumente. mbali Church bathi emva kokuba uMphathi yokuqala eMoscow All eRussia Metropolitan uYobhi, iCawa Orthodox Russian kuye wavuswa ibe kumgangatho alinakuzuzwa ngaphambili.

Imisebenzi kasolusapho kwixesha yesiphithiphithi

Ngowe-1598, eli lizwe waphoswa sisiphithiphithi, eyaziwa ngokuba Bexesha Iingxaki. Lokuqala uMphathi eMoscow All Russia, apho kunyanzeleka ukuba abe isihloko intloko zabantu, eneneni wakhokela lokumelana bathele kummandla Russian abahlaseli Lithuanian kunye Polish. Wathumela iincwadi kuzo zonke iindawo zelizwe, apho wathi yokugxotha basemzini.

Xa yasondela aweza Moscow, ikhokelwa ngu eFalse nguDmitry, usolusapho yokuqala eMoscow All Russia, uYobhi phakathi kwabo balayo ukubona imposter. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, kwixesha elithile Gregory Otrepyev yena engunobhala uYobhi, ngoko yena, njengaye nabani na, uqonde izinto ezenzekayo inkohliso. Wamtsha bhisayo esidlangalaleni Falsdmitry kunye nabalandeli bakhe bonke.

Xa ngo-Apreli 1605 umzi zizaku nikezelwa kudweliso bhedengu, saint, uYobhi akazange avume ukunqula kuye waza wazidla. Ngo-Agasti ka nyaka mnye, abaxhasi boyiswa False nguDmitry bamadoda amagumbi, kunye nezo emva ukubethwa eliqela kunye nokuthotywa yimonki elula wathunyelwa Staritsa weemonki, apho wachitha iminyaka emibini kwathandazwa malunga bayahlelwa iLizwe loobawo.

Ekupheleni kobomi kasolusapho

yimpilo abazange bamvumele ukuba avuke see primatial. Wafa ngowe-1607 waza wangcwatyelwa weemonki Ingqiqo, lowo apho kanye waqalisa inkonzo emishini. Ngowe-1652 izinto ezingcwele ofileyo ukuya eyinkunzi ibekwe Kwingcingane Cathedral. Sele namhlanje, ngo-Oktobha 2012, lo hierarch yokuqala, uMphathi eMoscow All Russia, uYobhi kuzukiswa phakathi abangcwele. Yaba sisenzo ubhalo, wayevakalisa umphumo imisebenzi yakhe eyintloko yebandla.

utshintsho yomhleli yesihloko ngamadoda

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isihloko wayengusolusapho kangangeenkulungwane ithe inani lotshintsho Umhleli kwaye kusetyenziswa namhlanje nxamnye isihloko St. Job - Usolusapho wokuqala eMoscow All Russia - hayi kakhulu echanekileyo. Isibakala sokuba kwixesha elingaphambili wokulawula we uBhishophu Nikon (ukuya ku-1652), eli lizwe kubonisiwe isihloko njenge "Rusia", yaye kuphela emva bamkela uhlobo 'Russian ". Kumaxesha pre-Petrine isihloko eziqulethwe la mazwi, "kwaye zonke Nordic uMphathi."

Njengoko isihloko, amadoda enxibe St uYobhi, kumaxwebhu zembali kukho ezinye abahleli, apho eMoscow lubalwa "emzini komlawuli", naseRashiya ubizwa ngokuba 'bubukumkani enkulu. " Aziwayo, kunye nezinye iinguqulelo, ukubonakala kumaxwebhu isayinwe nezo i-Russian Church ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo zembali. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukungangqinelani ezinjalo zibangelwa kakhulu kukungabikho efanayo kwinkulungwane edluleyo kumalungiselelo kwamaxwebhu asemthethweni - zombini zonqulo nezehlabathi.

Amagunya kasolusapho

Phantsi ezingummiselo ezikhoyo ngoku ROC, amagunya uMphathi iquka imisebenzi ikakhulu yolawulo, ukunika ithuba lokuba ukulawula iBandla. Jize kuyo umsebenzi esibiza Councils Local kunye Bishops ', kwakunye nokuqeshwa yeeseshini Sinodi. Ubhishophu umisa onke amagosa ibandla aphezulu, kuquka iintloko zezikolo zonqulo onke amanqanaba. iingongoma igunya amadoda ithatha indawo ekhethekileyo umsebenzi ukumela iBandla kurhulumente kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Vice-uMphathi

Ukuze enze imisebenzi eyabelwe uMphathi, bekuya kuba akunakwenzeka ngaphandle icandelo elifanelekileyo loxanduva phakathi akhe - vicars. Ngamnye kubo uxanduva lokuququzelela zobomi yeCawa nje okwilizwe olubanzi olunye yosisi eMoscow. Umfundisi yokuqala uMphathi eMoscow All Russia, leyo ophetheyo ekumbindi inxalenye yayo, koko, i usolusapho ngqo kunye namasekela, kwaye xa kunokwenzeka ukugula, ukufa okanye yomhlalaphantsi wenza okwexeshana imisebenzi yalo kude kube lunyulo lwe ozothatha.

Ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo ulwazi yenkolo

Ekubeni Saint-Yobhi, uMphathi yokuqala eMoscow All Russia, unyukela primatial kubona, imbali ye-Russian labefundisi, leyo yaphazamiseka ebudeni bolawulo Peter I wathathisa phantsi Stalin, uye elinesithandathu nezo i-Russian Church. Ngenxa imisebenzi indefatigable ubomi babo Orthodox kwilizwe lethu liye ufumene iifom, nto leyo yabangela ukuba kube sisiseko wombane lokomoya izizukulwana baseRashiya.

Kungabi kabi ukuqaphela ukuba, ukuya kufikelela imbali Russia, kuquka ibandla, uyambeka amaqhawe ayo, kangangoko uzama ukuba isusa kwimemori loonyana abangcatshi le looMawokhulu. Umzekelo i edume ngomawokhulu Ignatius, wafungiswa 1605 waza waba ibulala Falsdmitry Polish bahlaseli. igama lakhe ngonaphakade ongekho kuluhlu solusapho walucima ukusuka kwimemori kazwelonke.

Ebudeni bexesha yokutshutshiswa yokungabi Orthodox yonke into uchaphazelekayo kwimbali imfundiso kunye nebandla, oko wanqanyulwa kwikharityhulam yezikolo. Oku kwabangela izikhewu okubonakalayo kulwazi kwezi nkalo abemi Russia yanamhlanje. Nokuba umbuzo olula: "Yintoni na uMphathi wokuqala eMoscow All Russia" ukubeka ezininzi umthintele. Noko ke, kule mihla, uninzi mabandla isikolo seCawe abantwana kunye nabantu abadala, kwaye kuqhutywa umsebenzi wokufundisa omkhulu ejolise ekulungiseni le meko.