Culture of kwiinkulungwane Russia 10-13. Ixabiso ukwamkelwa of Christianity

Ihlale ilungile, imithombo ndithi malunga awohluke wesiseko likarhulumente, malunga yintoni inkcubeko Russia yamandulo. 10-13 leminyaka, yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kwisigaba yokomoya lizwe. Eli thuba kusekwe kwaye nokwanda kwe feudalism. Culture of Russia kwabunjwa ngokusekelwe kwimpumelelo zezizwe ezikhoyo ngoko waphila kubo amaSarmatia neyamaSkitiya. Kakade ke, lo moya isizwe ngasinye mmandla waba ubuqu bawo kwaye wayephantsi kweempembelelo namazwe angabamelwane.

Le nkolo entsha

Kunzima ukuba zazi ukubaluleka ukwenziwa ubuKristu. Byzantium waba nempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lwe ubomi yokomoya yabemi. Kunye ukwamkelwa unqulo olutsha 988, kunyaka sahlanganisa lakudala impucuko lokuqala zamaGrike. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uphuhliso kwisigaba yokomoya yempembelelo kunye ubuhedeni Slavic. Nangona zokwamkelwa ukholo entsha, kwaqhubeka kukho kwimimandla emininzi. ubuqaba lenqaba kwabonakala phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Kususa kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo. Noko ke, kwazanywa ukomeleza ukholo omtsha, ukuze kube lula ukufikelela, kufutshane ebantwini, ukucacisa kubo ukubaluleka ukwenziwa ubuKristu. Church waqala ukwakha kwiindawo apho iitempile besivalelwe ngaphambili. Ngoko ke ukholo olutsha elangena imiba deification wendalo. Ezinye abangcwele kunganxulunyaniswa indima woothixo endala. Elements of ubomi yokomoya Byzantium ziye zahlaziywa kwaye wafumana iintlobo ezithile, kuzwelonke. Kubo baqala ngcembe ukuba wabaza inkcubeko entsha Russia. "10-13 leminyaka wanika ivangeli namasiko" - ngoko wabhala kamva Pushkin. Ukuthembela amasiko yayo ubudala ubudala kunye nezenzo, iinkosi bakwazi ukwakha indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo. IRashiya iye yacebisa inkcubeko European, elitsha kraca, abayinqobo kuphela iintlobo zakhe iitempile, ukupeyinta icon, uhlobo lwemizobo. Kufuneka mazingabhidaniswa baseByzantium, nangona ulwalamano ebonakala ulwimi olubonakalayo.

Architecture of Russia Ancient

10-13 leminyaka yaba yomlambo kuphuhliso izakhiwo. Kangangexesha elide eli lizwe 'ngamaplanga ". Towers, ndlu, Wena mboni, - zonke wakha zomthi. Oku iinkosi eziphathekayo njengoko kuchazwe nombono wabo inani kunye nokwakhiwa ubuhle yohlobo ezingqongileyo. yonke inkcubeko Russia baqalisa ukutshintsha kunye nokwamkelwa unqulo baseByzantium. 10-13 leminyaka yaba thuba lokulungiselela utshintsho ukusuka lamaplanga kwisakhiwo yamatye. Loo amava ebengekho eNtshona Yurophu, njengoko abantu abahlala kuwo, njalo yakhiwa ngamatye. izakhiwo Russian somthi ngokuqhelekileyo izakhiwo ezininzi amanqanaba, ubukho izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, evarandeni, uhambo, umi, iinqaba nenqaba. Kwaba zomthonyama mifanekiso. Phantsi yempembelelo yaseByzantium inkcubeko yokwakha impucuko uye ezozinto yatshintsha Russia. 10-13 leminyaka yabalasela ukwakhiwa iicawa imodeli lomnqamlezo-lwesakhiwo wetempile zamaGrike. Izakhiwo zokuqala kwakhiwa ngokuhambelana ngokungqongqo kwizithethe baseByzantium. Yakhelwe e Kiev Saint Sophia Cathedral sele ibonakalisa indibanisela izithethe Russian nangesiRoma. Isiseko webandla cross-angqukuva ebekwe kunye izahluko ezilishumi. Inyathelo pyramid Council ivuselela indlela izakhiwo ngamaplanga. Ephakeme kunazo ekufikelelwe ebudeni bolawulo izakhiwo Bogolyubsky.

imfundo

Ngelo kwisigaba esithile nophuhliso loluntu ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezintsha oluntu yinzulu ngokwaneleyo. Ngoko ke iminyaka 10-13 okubhalwe apho. ERashiya, Kakade ke, kubantu benifudula sikwazi ukuvakalisa iingcinga zabo ephepheni. Kodwa ubudlelwane kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho ziye zaba inzima, ukubunjwa sokumiswa. Ezi meko ziye ziphawulwe kwisigaba esilandelayo, abacandayo nenkcubeko Russia. 10-13 ikhulu ixesha ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso izixhobo ukubethelela nokunxibelelana izimvo, iingcinga kunye nolwazi kwisithuba, ulondolozo kunye nokuhanjiswa yommandla ngokomoya. Ngeli xesha, oonobumba wadalwa. ivela linxulunyaniswa amagama uCyril Methodius - bevangeli ezazihlala lamaByzantine. Noko ke, imithombo zibonisa ezimbini alfabhethi - Glagolitic kunye Cyrillic. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nguwuphi wafika kuqala, baba elide ngokwaneleyo. Namhlanje kucingwa eyona nto efumanisile ukuba umfaki-alfabhethi Glagolitic wadalwa kwisiqingatha 2 ngenkulungwane yesi-9, kwaye oonobumba besiCyrillic yavela Ekuveleni eminyaka 9-10.

Le ncwadi yokuqala

Of impembelelo ethile kubomi yokomoya yabantu waba uncwadi kwiinkulungwane 10-13. ERashiya, uninzi iincwadi ezatshatyalaliswa ngexesha Mongol ngesinyanzeliso kunye nemililo ezininzi. Total agcinwa malunga nama-150 kuzo zonke ezazikho ngaphambili. Omdala igqalwa "Ostrom Gospel". Ibhalwe ngu Gregory idikoni 1057-m for Ostromir (usodolophu Novgorod). A inqanaba eliphezulu zezakhono, ezagcwaliswa kunye neencwadi eziye kufika ixesha lethu wayethetha imveliso owenziwe-ngqangi kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-11, ngomhla kakuhle esekwe ngexesha izakhono zabo nocetyo. Iincwadi yakhutshelwa kakhulu nezigodlo.

nokubhala

Xa lo msebenzi 12 Yeremiya u adluliselwe kuloo mzi. Imbonakalo kwi zokuhlala ezinkulu "ezichaza ethi" ibonisa ukwanda lokufunda nokubhala phakathi kwabantu. Kwakhona ibonisa ukwanda kwemfuno kule ncwadi. Bakubabhali, 39 ezaziwayo, 15 kuphela amalungu abefundisi. Abanye akazange abonise yano kunye nebandla. Noko ke, nangona ukusasazeka lokufunda nokubhala kwiindawo ezisezidolophini, iziko eliyintloko ncwadi wahlala yoonongendi, iindibano zocweyo esebenza phantsi kwayo. Benza amaqela isigxina abakhupheli. Ukongeza, ezi workshops Sizibandakanye ekuqulunqeni yeziKronike.

Russia Art

10-13 leminyaka, ziphawulwe ngokuthi ukukhula yomkhosi, utshabalalisa kumanyano lwezopolitiko kunye lwengingqi lizwe. Ukuwa karhulumente yaba sisiphumo yokukhulisa ngamafa amakhulu, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho emizini. Recent baba Amaziko amatsha kwamalungu elizimeleyo lizwe efuna inkululeko yezopolitiko. Kubonisa indima yabo namandla ukuba izixeko ezininzi baba vutshila. 10-13 leminyaka eRashiya zaye luphawulwa lokusekwa ungubani kwimimandla lizwe. ngokuphuma yabo ixhomekeke yindibaniselwano lweempawu zasekuhlaleni kunye nezithethe Kiev.

icons

Ubugcisa yamandulo Russia , yaguquka kwindawo ephakathi. Njengoko West and East, oku kwaba ubukhulu becala ibandla. Oku refracted ngokusebenzisa bemilo okuqonda lobomi of Christianity, bagcine iconography. Ezinye icon ye Vladimir-Suzdal iinkosi kwenkulungwane ye-12, efana ngesimbo ku eKiev, sidalwe ngenkulungwane ye-11. Le misebenzi, umzekelo, ukufaka isithombe evuthelweyo "Deesis" Apho lusekeleke Cathedral. Ndifane Kiev amagcisa adityaniswe odumileyo Yaroslavl Orans. umzimba wayo omkhulukazi magingxigingxi kufutshane bebaninzi eKiev ebhanyabhanya yayo. Yaroslavl Oranta icon ufana DM ingqungquthela. ETesalonika. Kuye kwaziswa evela Dmitrov. Le icon lohlukanisa ezahlukeneyo, njalo, kwaye "oqingqiweyo" ngumzekelo ukukhanya ngebala.

umculo

A indawo ekhethekileyo ebomini Russian yanikwa iingoma nemidaniso. Umculo eyayihamba abantu kumaphulo, imisebenzi, inkamnkam babe yinxalenye yemibhiyozo kunye nemibhiyozo. ethandwayo phakathi izixhobo kwakukho igubu (ndiwandlele, intambula), nobhedu (uphondo, sesigodlo, nesempempe, zhaleyka), imitya (uhadi). On the esekelwe malivakale eSt Sophia Cathedral ubonisa iimvumi kunye abadanisi. Kufuneka utshilo okokuba ubungakanani kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ngemibhobho, umzekelo, wenza njengoko njengendlela uphawu kuzingela. Neengqongqo nemirhubhe zasetyenziswa wedwa okanye iokhestra kwimibhiyozo kunye isiqhazolo. Kwezinye imithombo kukho izikhokelo ngokwaneleyo imbonakalo yokuqala nomculo orekhodiweyo. Oku kukhuthazwa kakhulu ukwamkelwa ubuKristu. Ehamba ecula yonqulo. Saqhubeka iincwadi ukucula ngokukodwa zenziwe. Ezo umhla wesandla kwenkulungwane ye-12. Kuzo, ukongeza kwizicatshulwa zonqulo, zikhona notation 'amakhonkco' zomculo "iiflegi".

Umxholo kunye nolwalathiso lophuhliso ngokomoya

Usenza, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubo kwimbali nenkcubeko eRashiya yayisekelwe lobuciko. Kuye ube ngumthombo kunye sisiqalo kophuhliso yokomoya yabemi. Xa iimeko feudal eqhekekileyo, uhlaselo emibi yeentshaba basemzini eRashiya watyhila inkcubeko ubuchule ezikhethekileyo zabantu. Yena ayemzonda abalungiseleli uphuhliso karhulumente. Culture Russia ibonakalisa imvakalelo ukukhanya nethemba, esisebenza ngayo njengoko amandla ubomi ngenene. Indalo abantu ababephila ngexesha feudal, ebonakala ngu:

• inkolelo ukuba ukulunga ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuba ligorha ububi.
• Beauty yomkhosi zabasebenzi kuzo.
• ukuziphatha High kunye yezikhulu.
• uthando lokuzincama ilizwe labo.
• Pholisa nokuhleka.
• izibongo Deep.
• Tags Ukukhethwa ngeziganeko ubomi bemveli, ukuchaneka nangengqondo kwentelekelelo yayo.

Zonke ezi mpawu ezizodwa yabantu Russian kwifomu enye okanye omnye ngamazwi kuphela kwiincwadi weRashiya zamaxesha aphakathi, kodwa kwi icon, esekelwe, izakhiwo, kunye nomculo.

eziphembelela zinto

Uphuhliso lwe-Russia 10-13 kule inkcubeko. Loo nto ibonisa uphawu eli xesha ephikisanayo kunye awohluke. Balala iinkqubo zoqoqosho, ezentlalo nezopolitiko kwenzeka zikarhulumente. A indlela zemveliso ebe ikhona inkqubo xa wobukhosi, iphawulwa conservatism ethile ekuphuculeni imikhosi kwimveliso. Kuba waphawulwa kude uqoqosho zendalo. Ku kunokuba kakuhle kuphuhliswa exchange. Konke oku lingancipha kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko, ukudala izithintelo ukuyilwa awohluke zasekuhlaleni kunye nezithethe. Of impembelelo ethile kwi ubomi bokomoya babantu aba Tatar-Mongol lokuhlasela.

isiphelo

Kakade ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba inkcubeko Russian yaba ngakumbi ubukho bezinto ideology zonqulo. A indima, ingakumbi kumaXesha Aphakathi kusasa, babekhonza ecaweni. Negalelo ekusasazekeni lokufunda nokubhala, uphuhliso lobugcisa, ukuphuculwa zokwakha. Ngelo xesha icawa baphathwa ngononophelo kwaye zikhuselwe wemfundiso yabo. Wabonisa ubutshaba lweentsingiselo omtsha wezenkcubeko. Church bakha isikhubekiso ukwenzela uphuhliso inzululwazi, ukuphuculwa ulwazi lobugcisa. Noko ke, impumelelo amasiko Russia zamaxesha amaxabiso ebalulekileyo karhulumente. Bayinxalenye lemveli lesizwe, ubukhulu nozuko yabantu.