Gabriel Tarde: biography kanye photo

Phakathi yawona abemkileyo i istampu wafunda ekuphuhliseni uluntu, indawo olulodwa kuhlala yi-nzulu French Gabriel Tarde, engobomi kunye nophando imisebenzi ezenza isiseko kweli nqaku. Uninzi lweengcamango ichazwe kwi Ekuveleni XIX kunye XX iinkulungwane, hayi baye balahlekelwa ukufaneleka kwabo namhlanje.

Ukusuka esikolweni wamaJesuit ukuya Sorbonne

Jean Gabriel Tarde wazalelwa Matshi 12, 1843 kwidolophu Sarlat, nto leyo imi emazantsi-ntshona e-France, kufuphi Bordeaux. Isiphelo wenza yonke into ukwalathisa ubomi bakhe elizayo endleleni zomthetho: uyise womntwana lowo, waba nomgwebi lowo, kwafika unina kwintsapho yamagqwetha ezaziwayo-kakuhle, ukuhombisa amagama abo iinkqubo zingxola ngelo xesha.

imfundo yabo uGabriyeli baqalisa esikolweni, ephethwe yi-Roman Catholic Order of the bamaKatolika, nto leyo kakhulu ngokuhambelana iwonga ekuhlaleni zabazali bakhe. Emva kokuphumelela kulo 1860 nge-Bachelor of Arts, wayefuna kwixa elizayo ukunika okukhethwayo Sciences zobugcisa, kodwa ke iimeko ezifana ukuba umxholo isifundo wakhe umthetho. waqala Iiklasi kwidolophu yakhe, uGabriel Tarde abagqibe iminyaka emithandathu ezindongeni odumileyo Paris Sorbonne.

Uphando lobunzululwazi umgwebi emzini

Sibuya ekhaya igqwetha eqinisekisiweyo, lo mfana wahlala yasekhaya. Owaqala ngo-1867 njengoko nomgwebi womncedisi chu ihamba phezulu leri umsebenzi lo, kuba yiminyaka esixhenxe kamva waba ngumgwebi abasisigxina kwidolophu lakhe lokuzalwa Sarlat, ukuba wenjenjalo, isikhundla ngaphambili olugcinwe uyise. Kule isikhundla wakhonza iminyaka engamashumi Tarde.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuze inzuzo yabo ayixhaswelanga kuphela imibandela ngokuphathelele le kileyo. Okuninzi Gabriel Tarde kwiYunivesithi waba nomdla wolwaphulo mthetho kunye yokufundwa mthetho - isayensi ufunda iimpawu ngokwasengqondweni, ukusebenza komzimba kunye yabantu wezaphulamthetho eziziphindayo.

Iiklasi e wolwaphulo mthetho, nto leyo nayo ubuqaqawuli yokuqala

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX, wolwaphulo mthetho, eyenzelwe ukufunda iinkalo ezahlukeneyo mthetho, ezifana iimeko kunye nezizathu ukuba sizimisele kuzo, iindlela kunye neendlela zokuthintela, kodwa, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kwanabenzi bobubi abo ngamnye ngokwabo, bafumana uphuhliso okhethekileyo eFransi. Kwaba kukhona ke kwabonakala igama elithi "wolwaphulo mthetho", wangena kubomi bemihla ngemihla umphengululi-yabantu Paul Topinardom.

Ukuganga ezi ngxaki nzulu, iziphumo zabo Tarde waqala ukuzivakalisa kwiijenali zenzululwazi, yaye xa ngowe-1887 yadalwa Sarlat-nkcukacha yokufundwa mthetho, waba yayo co-mlawuli. Kwixesha elizayo, imisebenzi zenzululwazi Gabrielya Tarda waqalisa ukuba kupapashwe izintlelo ezahlukeneyo, ukudala kuye udumo kude ngaphaya kwemida France.

Iinzame ukuchonga i "izaphuli-mthetho, wafaka"

Ukuyeka embalwa umsebenzi wakhe kweli ziko, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ifayile ye yokufundwa mthetho wadalwa becala kubulelwe ethandwayo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX na uphando-nzulu Italian kunye criminologist ezinjengoCesare Lombroso.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba akuphawuleyo enye ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa indlela yomlinganiselo yabantu of Skulls-mthetho, uzama ukubonisa ukuba iimpawu ezifanelekileyo inokuba iqondo ezaneleyo lilonke lubonisa ukuthambekela ngayo umntu izenzo ezingekho mthethweni. Ngamafutshane, wayezama ukuchonga uhlobo zomzimba of "mthetho naso."

Ukulungiselela le njongo, yaye wadalwa Sarlat yokugcina ezizodwa, eqokelela izinto kulo lonke ilizwe, ukususela uphando abantu benze amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. ukufunda zabo systematization Tarde inxaxheba ukususela 1887, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa umsebenzi walo ongundoqo njengejaji isixeko.

Ukufudukela Paris, kunye nemisebenzi yophando elandelayo

Ngowe-1894, emva kokufa Tarde sikanina wemka kowabo, izinziswe eParis. Ukushiya le kileyo yokugqibela, wakwazi ukuba azinikele kwinzululwazi, lo gama nokwandisa iindidi zophando wayo, kwaye ngaxeshanye ukwenza yokuhlalisana wolwaphulo mthetho. Le igama ngumphandi kakhulu, yaye zikwabizwa ekuhlaleni lwezenzululwazi iye yavumela Gabriel Tarde babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo esiphezulu kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezobuLungisa, elikhokelwa icandelo manani apho ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Tard UGabriyeli ngexesha elinye eyaziwa kungekuphela nje umphengululi kodwa njengomfundisi oye waveza i kwabeMi amagqwetha baseFransi. umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa eyaqala ngo-1896 e-Free School of Sciences zezopolitiko, waza waqhubeka naye abe unjingalwazi iziko lemfundo kunye zophando College de France, apho wafika wasebenza de kwasa ekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1904.

Le ubambene Emil Durkheim

Xa imisebenzi enikelwe nemiba kwabantu, uGabriel Tarde wathembela ikakhulu manani kunye nohlalutyo othelekiso asetyenziswe njengeyona ndlela iphambili uphando. Kuzo, wayesoloko waxabana wanamhla, ingqalelo yakhe wafumana ekuhlaleni lwezenzululwazi, - i ngezentlalo French Emile Durkheim.

Ngokungafaniyo nabo, esithi ukuba uluntu kudala ngamnye, Tarde, ukunamathela kwindawo ezahlukeneyo lwembono, wayedla ukukholelwa ukuba uluntu ngokwayo yimveliso intsebenziswano izifundo ngamnye. Ngamanye amazwi, imbambano phakathi pundits baya ngoko eziziiprayimari yintoni na zamabanga - abantu abakha uluntu, okanye uluntu, imveliso leyo iba wonke umntu.

Ingqibelelo lenkampani ngenxa ukulingiswa ofanayo

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, a ngodaba ekhethekileyo, ibhalwe Gabriel Tarde - ". Imithetho oosinga" kubume bayo amathumba phantsi yokuba, ngokutsho ingcali yenzululwazi, imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni kunye nonxibelelwano lwamalungu oluntu kakhulu isekelwe ngokulinganisa nokukopisha i ukuziphatha kwabanye abantu kwabanye. Le nkqubo ibandakanya uphindaphindo yenkqubo zengqondo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, izenzo umsebenzi umsebenzi, kwakunye icala kunye neenkolelo. Lenza oosinga ukudlala ngazo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Kwakhona yenza ubume inkampani yonke.

umntu unesiphiwo - injini inkqubela

Uphuhliso yoluntu, ngokutsho kwithiyori Tarde, kungenxa yokuba phakathi kwamalungu ayo rhoqo kuvela abantu ezahlukeneyo unesiphiwo, afanelekileyo, engena ephuma inkqubo jikelele ukulingiswa, bathi igama elitsha kuyo nayiphi inkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Kusisiqhamo somsebenzi yabo ibe zombini ingcamango abstract, nee-asethi ethile ephathekayo.

izinto ezintsha eyilwe ngabo - Tarde uzibiza ngokuba "izinto '- ngoko nangoko umdla ngabaxelisa yaye ekugqibeleni babe norm yamkelwe. Le ndlela, ngokutsho izazinzulu, ukuba ukudibanisa onke amaziko zentlalo - uninzi lwabantu, abakwazi ukuba zizakhele nantoni na, ndaqalisa ukuxelisa ezintsha (ezintsha), kwaye sebenzisa i wabadala. Kuyaqapheleka ukuba zonke ezintsha zamkelwa luluntu ukuxelisa, kodwa kuphela ezo abonela isiko ngaphambili yaye musani bathi bangquzulane kuyo.

Ngoko ke, umbhali we ingcamango uthi yendaleko zentlalo yoluntu sisiphumo umsebenzi ezinobuchule amanye amalungu ayo unesiphiwo, hayi inkqubo yendalo yembali njengoko ayihambisani Emil Dyurkgeym.

Ukugxekwa imfundiso le baphenjelelwa

Namhlanje, incwadi ehlabathini ethandwayo, kubhaliweyo kule minyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe Gabriel Tarde - ". Uluvo nesihlwele" Kuyo wabonisa isimo sakhe kakhulu Zindoyisile kwiminyaka yakhe, yaye baye basinda kwi ingqiqo namhlanje lokuqonda esihlanganyelweyo, okuthiwa ekhoyo bodwa ezingqondweni ngamnye yaye into ezimeleyo. Ukwakha phezu kweengcamango luvakaliswe ngentla apha, amanqaku umbhali indima ephambili ezingqondweni lomntu ngamnye abangatshatanga, ngenxa yoko, xa uxanduva yayo izenzo ezenziwe yi isihlwele.

Kuya kukhunjulwa njengoko isifundo esinye ngaphezulu, apho wayitshabalalisa kukubulaleka kwakhe Tard Gabriel - ". Isenzeko yesihlwele" Kulo mba, uthi na ngengqondo French nguGustave Le Bon, phikisana ukuba kwinkulungwane XIX i "ubudala isihlwele." Ophikisana nalo, Tarde wayesithi ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuxuba izinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo - isihlwele kunye nabaphulaphuli.

Ukuba uhlobo isihlwele kufuna ukusondela kakhulu kubantu phakathi amacandelo abantu bayo, abaphulaphuli yenza ingqondo nengqondo eqhelekileyo. Kulo mzekelo, kusenokuba ngabantu kuyiphi indawo ezikude kakhulu enye kwenye. Ngakumbi okubaluleke ngoluvo yakhe imihla yethu, xa eendaba bayakwazi artificially ukudala uluntu eqhelekileyo, eqondisa imbono yakhe kwicala elifanelekileyo kubo.

Amanye amasebe isayensi Tarde anomdla

Kukho nezinye indawo wenzululwazi ejongene Gabriel Tarde - isosioloji wayengekho intsimi kuphela umsebenzi wayo. Ukongeza kule wolwaphulo-zikhankanywe ngasentla, Scientist uhlawule izihloko kakhulu ukuwuthathela ingqalelo kunye nenzululwazi loluntu ezifana nenzululwazi kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nembali art. Le yokugqibela kufuneka ibe akumangalisi, kuba xa waphumelela esikolweni wamaJesuit abanesidanga kubugcisa emihle. Kuzo zonke ezi nkalo yolwazi Gabriel Tarde yayinceda inzululwazi eseleyo emva iyasebenza.

Kwiingcamango sisazinzulu French wafumana impendulo ngokubanzi eRashiya. Uninzi imisebenzi yakhe ziye zaguqulelwa Russian waza waba impahla kuluntu phambi kwe revolution. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1892 e-St Petersburg ke incwadi (Gabriel Tarde "imithetho oosinga"), nto leyo ibeka elubala isishwankathelo ngentla ashicilelwe. Ngaphezu koko, ndabona ukukhanya ngodaba "The zolwaphulo esihlwele", "Isiseko yobuciko" kunye nabanye abambalwa.

iingcamango Tarde ekukhanyeni le yanamhlanje

Imbambano leyo zenzeka kwinkulungwane XIX phakathi Tarde kunye Durkheim ngento ngowona: mntu okanye uluntu, wafumana phambili yayo namhlanje. Modernity unike ifuthe le mpikiswano phakathi abaxhasi utoliko yoluntu ephilayo ezizimeleyo kubachasi babo babone oko ingqokelela abantu abazimeleyo.

Nangona umahluko uqikelelo ilifa layo lwenzululwazi, izazinzulu mihla ukunika ndirongo ityala Tarde njengoko ngunozala eziliqela mihla amacandelo ethandwayo yokuhlalisana. Phakathi kwazo kwakukho uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo izimvo zoluntu kunye nethiyori inkcubeko abaninzi. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kwinkulungwane XX yaba ingcamango oqhubekekayo Durkheim isekhona ukuba uluntu iphembelela ukuyilwa ngamnye, kwaye awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo. Kulo mba, eziliqela Tarde waphulukana kwayo.