Dynamite - kukuyilwa Alfreda Nobelya

Dynamite - umxube onokudubula xa ezizodwa, olusekelwe phezu nitroglycerine. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le nto kuyingozi kakhulu njengoko kunjalo. Nangona ukumitha of nezifunxi eqinileyo nitroglycerin yenza kukhuselekile ukuba ukugcinwa nokusetyenziswa, kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Dynamite kwakhona isenokuba nezinye izinto. Njengoko umthetho, ubunzima kwakheka ngokumila zezindlu kwaye zahlanganiswa iphepha okanye iplastiki.

Ukusungulwa kwe dynamite

Isiganeko esibalulekileyo ukuba kusungulwe dynamite yaba kwafunyanwa nitroglycerin. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1846. Waba novulindlela ngusokhemesti Italian Ascanio Sobrero. ESwazini ezinamandla nangoko baqalisa ukwakha iifektri ehlabathini jikelele. Omnye wabo yavulwa eRashiya. ekhemisi Domestic Zinin kunye Petrushevsky efuna indlela yokusebenzisa indlela ngokukhuselekileyo. Omnye wabafundi yabo nje Alfred Nobel.

Ngowe-1863 Nobel wavula ikepusi yokuqhumisa, leyo lula kakhulu isicelo eluncedo nitroglycerin. It likwazile ukuphumeza oku ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza ngayo uqhushululu encediswa mercury fulminate. Abantu abaninzi namhlanje bakholelwa eli lungu Nobel ibaluleke ngaphezu kwafunyanwa dynamite.

Dynamite ngokwakhe wemithi Swedish elilodwa lomenzi ngo-1867. De phakathi kwinkulungwane esidlulileyo isetyenziswe njengendawo iziqhushumbisi zaseprayimari emsebenzini ezintabeni, Kakade ke, kwintsimi emkhosini.

Dynamite kwande umhlaba

Kuba ukusetyenziswa kwixesha lokuqala dynamite ukulungiselela iinjongo zomkhosi uye wanikela ngokwakhe Nobel kunyaka xa yena awodwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha ingcamango kwakujongwa ndingungantweni, kuba kuyingozi kakhulu.

Kwi-industrial-scale ekwenziweni dynamite ziye waqalisa 1869. Omnye mveliso kuqala ukuba isetyenziswe Russian. Sele 1871 kwagqitywa kusetyenziswa nezokukhupha amalahle zinc ore.

imveliso nemiqulu dynamite wakhula ngokucacileyo. Ukuba iitoni ezingama-11 zaye zaveliswa ngo-1867, emva koko emva kweminyaka emi-5 - iitoni ezingama 1570, kwaye ngo-1875 yavelisa ukuya kwiitoni 8000.

Yintoni dynamite - oko isixhobo enkulu, ngowokuqala ukuqonda amaJamani. Baqala ukuqhushumba iinqaba iibhulorho, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba usebenzise isiFrentshi. Ngowe-1871, le iziqhushumbisi wabonakala imikhosi zobunjineli yoBukhosi Austria-Hungarian.

Yintoni dynamite?

Kwathi kamsinya nje akuba mveliso kunye nabezomkhosi kwehlabathi wafumanisa ukuba inxalenye dynamite, ngoko nangoko yasekwa imveliso yawo. Qhubeka ukuvelisa namhlanje. Kwezintsuku iyi neekhatriji ukukhathaza ukuya ku-200 grams, enokusetyenziselwa kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu. Kukho High-ubungqina kunye umcimbi ophantsi-umdla.

Sisazi ukuba nokwakhiwa dynamite kbavelisi ezahlukeneyo kuthi ezahlukeneyo, amacandelo yayo engundoqo, kakade, kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

Chief phakathi kwabo - nitrosmes. Yaqala kusetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukuxhathisa iqabaka. Kwakugcwele nitroglycerin kunye dinitrogikolya. Eli candelo eziziintloko ibanjwa ku-40% ngo ubunzima. Awona macandelo alandelayo yi volume - Ammonium Nitrate (30%), phantse-20% zachithwa sodium nitrate. Awona macandelo eseleyo zisetyenziswa ukuya elincane kakhulu - ngu nitrocellulose, umthi umgubo, balsa kunye talc.

Dynamite enkonzweni-mthetho

Phakathi kuqala siqonde ukuba yintoni na dynamite, ulwaphulo-mthetho kuzo zonke iintlobo, kunye nemibutho abagrogrisi. Enye ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala ekusetyenzisweni kwale iziqhushumbisi kwelo US ngo 1875. matiloshe waseMelika, uWilliam Kong Thomassen bezama ukwenza kukhutshwa isitya elwandle "Moselle" ukufumana inshorensi. Noko ke, Umphanda dynamite ekhaya liqhuma emva kwizibuko ngexesha kulayishwa. Le ntlekele athi ubomi babantu 80.

Noko ke, ukungaphumeleli sokuqala zange ayeke iinkokeli zehlabathi yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye abanqolobi. Ukususela amalungu 1883 ukuya 1885 lo mbutho eziyingozi, wakhuthaza ukwahlulwa of Ireland waseBritani, abaqalise uthotho udubulo kunye dynamite. Kuquka dubulo kwikomkhulu lamapolisa British kunye Scotland Yard ukuzama ukujongela London Bridge.

Kusetyenziswe le kweziyobisi abantu abalwa lobuzwilakhe eRashiya. Ingakumbi, le iqela "Narodnaya Volya". EYurophu, izixa ezikhulu dynamite wasebenzisa anarchists.

dynamite ukuthandwa iwela

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, uninzi labavelisi ayekholelwa ukuba dynamite - oku kuqhume ephambili kwimisebenzi imigodi kunye nokufunyanwa iidipozithi ezintsha bezimbiwa. Ukumelana ukhuphiswano nayitreyithi de kwinkulungwane XX phakathi. Kwamanye amazwe - up ukuya yee-80s. Ngokomzekelo, omnye dynamite banandipha ithandwa enkulu eMzantsi Afrika. Lusetyenziswa kwimigodi yegolide. Lisondele ku nyaka 90 th phantsi koxinzelelo kwiimanyano zabasebenzi waziqulunqa ngokutsha zonke izityalo neziqhushumbisi ezikhuselekileyo ngokusekelwe ammonium nitrate.

Ngo-Russia, i dynamite kunye ubunzima emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ezithandwa kakhulu kwaba kuqamba trudnozamerzayuschy. iziqhushumbisi kushishino yasekhaya 60 kuphela.

Kumazwe amaninzi, lo dynamite - oko ezifikelelekayo legkoproizvodimoe Uyadubula. Ezi meko zinje lathatha iminyaka eli-100. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le dynamite kuthatha akukho ngaphezu kwe-2% ingeniso lilonke zonke izinto iziqhushumbisi ehlabathini.