Iinqwelo: Iintlobo yeemoto. iinqwelo Classification kololiwe oololiwe

Iinqwelo lasi of kaloliwe eyenzelwe ukuthutha abantu okanye iimpahla zothutho. Kulo mba, ukuba yahlulwe umthwalo kunye umkhweli. Ukongeza kuloliwe, kukho iimoto abakhweli zenzelwe ezigcwele. uhlobo ngalunye lumelwe yi iintlobo eziliqela kunye neemodeli ngokubonelela ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo buyo.

iimoto umkhweli ukuba oololiwe Russian Railways

Ukuthutha abantu iimoto umkhweli. Iintlobo iimoto apha zezi zilandelayo: jikelele (udidi sessile 1 no-2), izitulo, coupe, NE (Suite) kunye Premium (VIP), kwaye kufuneka sibandakanye imoto yokutyela, imithwalo kunye mail. Ukongezelela, ungakhetha iindidi ezininzi ezibonisa ubukho izibonelelo ezithile. Kakade ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba udidi eyahlukileyo inkonzo.

Iinqwelo ngaphandle iibhedi

Makhe siqwalasele bephethe iimoto ngqo abakhweli. Iintlobo wagon zixhomekeke nemiqathango esekwe kuyo. Umzimba exhotyiswe izitulo zimiswe ngokwemigca kunye indima embindini, okwenza jonga langaphakathi ngathi moya. isihlalo nzima ingafakwa kwi-traffic ipoma kwi mezhoblasnom - ezithambileyo. In kwiklasi yokuqala zonke izihlalo-10, ibe banzi kunye neenkonzo ezifumanekayo kunokuba eklasini ushishino okanye uqoqosho ngakumbi, nto leyo enokubadla imali izihlalo 43-68.

Common buyo - oku yesibini-eklasini, kodwa ke abantu behleli kulo ukuya ngabathathu kwi kwithala ngalinye asezantsi, umphezulu ibizwa ayisetyenziswa okanye azikho kwaukubakho. Umzimba kunye jikelele ngelixa kakubi uhambo olude. Ezinye iintlobo iimoto abakhweli ziquka ukufumaneka leebhedi, ngoko ke elifanelekileyo ukulungiselela iinjongo ezinjalo.

Neenqwelo silala

imoto owesithathu-iklasi ukwamisela ukuvula i gumbi abakhweli, kwelinye icala kuba amabini asezantsi kunye nezihlalo ezimbini ephezulu, kodwa zidlule endaweni nge ngakumbi kunye 2 icala (phezulu nasezantsi kakhulu). Phantsi iindawo ezisezantsi kukho isithuba impahla. Kukho iitafile ezimbini yokukhwabusha - kwi gumbi ivulekile izihlalo ecaleni.

iimoto gumbi zihlukaniswe 9 igumbi lokulala 4 ngeengcango utyhala leyo avalelwe. gumbi nganye iperi enye iibhedi aphezulu nolusezantsi, imithwalo ngemva phantsi izihlalo asezantsi, itafile kunye nerediyo yokusonga. Kwakhona inika zokulala kunye neetawuli. Ukongezelela, oko inganikezelwa umoya-moya. cars Soft - yeyona Gumbi efanayo, kodwa ekhululekile kwaye lula.

iimoto Ukulala Superior

NE (okanye umkhweli imoto "Lux") ahlulwe aba lamagumbi 9, kodwa iibhedi ezimbini, ngokokuqhelekileyo le ezantsi. Amanye amalungu gumbi izixhobo kuyafana esiqhelweni, kodwa inikeza intuthuzelo engakumbi. Qiniseka ukuba umoya.

Iinqwelo premium yahlulwe 4-5 igumbi elikhulu ngoyilo eyahlukileyo, landlelwe uhambo obutofotofo. Umzekelo, inokuba umandlalo isofa okanye ebhedini kabini. Idla inikeza indawo kuphela ukugcina umthwalo kunye idesika, kodwa isitulo, bio-yangasese, iyatshona, ishawari, air conditioning, ngubo, TV, DVD kunye WiFi. Xa igumbi elinye nako lounge bar. Kwesinye uhlamba imoto yonke. A Inani leenkonzo ezongezelelweyo eziyakubandakanywa kwi-ixabiso: ilinen, amaphephandaba, okulula neziselwayo, ngokunjalo zokuhlamba. Kubalwa lamagumbi abantu 1-2, kodwa ezithengwe nayiphi na imeko yonke indawo ngaphandle komnye ukulala.

iimoto Freight

oololiwe Freight ziyilelwe impahla uthutho ngololiwe. Ekubeni kuyiswe iindidi zemveliso kunye izinto, ngokutsho uhlobo kungekwamthwalo mazikhethwe iinqwelo. Iintlobo wagon ube iimpawu ezingundoqo kunye neempawu zimiliselwa imifuziselo ezithile. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemodeli ziyilelwe nganye kwiindidi ezithile impahla, babe isakhiwo umzimba ezahlukileyo, iindlela ezahlukileyo kulayishwa kunye nokothula, ukunika iqondo elithile kulondolozwe.

Eyona eziphambili ze iimoto zezomoya

Iinqwelo yahlukile, ngaphandle kunye neempawu zayo nezakhono. Phakathi ithandwayo ezi ntlobo zilandelayo iinqwelo: igqunyiweyo, iinqwelo ezivulekileyo, kumaqonga, amatanki, hoppers, zigqunyiwe kwaye refrigerated, zaphatha cleaner. Basenokuba ifomu eyahlukileyo kumlinganiselo yomgama, umthamo, esithuba somgangatho, kunye ubunzima umbane wesingxobo.

Zimoto kakhulu elula

Ezithwala ngokokwakheka iqulunqwe isakhelo elinomgangatho, womjikelezo iindonga kunye nophahla. Kuba ekulayisheni nokothula iingcango zibonelelwa kwi ezindongeni ecaleni. Amvumela ukuba ukuthwala imithwalo ukuzikhusela emvuleni nezinye iimpembelelo ezingalunganga bangaphandle. Le sasimisile okuthwala zombini impahla jikelele ingqolowa, iimoto kunye nezilwanyana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umthamo 25-72 m.

Gondola iimoto Ziqulethe uluhlu isakhelo elinomgangatho neendonga, kodwa akukho uphahla. Ngokufuthi babethwele izimbiwa, isinyithi, amaplanga. Yenzelwe ukuba athuthe bulk impahla pondola usenokuba izivingco ezongezelelweyo kwi emgangathweni okanye iindonga ukuba lula ukothula. Ilayisha ukusuka phezulu. Ukukhuselwa komoya ngokuqhelekileyo, kodwa zikhona ezinye iindlela kunye nophahla asuswayo. I ezine ihanjiswa 22-75 m, uze unike umthwalo ezisibhozo- 69-130 m.

Platform esilungiselelwe uthutho ezityeni, iimpahla elide, zekhompyutha, oomatshini, izixhobo, oomatshini, amaplanga kunye umthwalo bulk, apho akukho mfuneko bakhuselwe atmsfernyh kwezulu. Weight ifikelela 70-73 m.

Iinqwelo phantsi imithwalo ezithile

Iinkanunu - iimoto ezithile. Iintlobo iimoto ikhangeleka ngathi ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa ke ezi baqhele ukuba babe imilo zezindlu kunye izivingco omnye okanye ngaphezulu ngaphezulu. Bona ilifa i yobunzima kwanda, ekubeni baphathe ezinkulu kunye angumgubo izinto ulwelo kunye neegesi kwegesi. Ukongeza, itanki unako mayixhotyiswe ukutyabeka ubushushu-zokwambathisa okanye izixhobo umthwalo ukufudumeza, kunye nezixhobo ezizodwa zifakwa ukulawula. I ezine nomthamo iitoni 60-65 kwaye bephethe ezisibhozo-ukuya 120-125 m.

Hoppers - iimoto imilo ezizodwa, abanzi ezantsi phezulu kwaye tapered kancinane, eyenzelwe iimpahla isambuku afana neenkozo, isichumiso, isamente, esikrwada, amalahle, njl Ezantsi ukuba babonelelwa ukukhuhla kunye ifomu efanelekileyo ekubhobhozeni self. Ngaba avulekile okanye lavalwa, kunye izivingco ngenxa kulayishwa phezu kwendlu. Layisha phezulu ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-70.

Iinqwelwana ukuqinisekisa iimeko ezizodwa lobushushu

ezithwala Isothermal kubonelelwa ubushushu thermal ngokusekelwe lyu okanye istro, injini onyanzelwayo inkqubo ejikeleza emoyeni. Baya ukuba uthwale iimveliso zinakonakala, njengoko balondoloza lobushushu efunekayo.

Thermoses yokuthutha iimveliso ukutya okonakalayo kwi iiphakheji kunye izitya, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezibolayo, ngexesha ilondoloza ixesha elide lobushushu korhulumente ethile obuyiyile kwisiqalo.

Iifriji yokuya kwempahla zinakonakala ezinokuthi igcinwe ixesha elide kuphela obushushu aphantsi. Bona musa nje ukugcina ubushushu njengoko iintsuba thermos, yaye zipholile okanye indawo shushu ngaphakathi isithuthi ukuya lobushushu oyifunayo. Yakhelwe kweetoni 25-40.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo iimodeli yeemoto zezomoya

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho Ukukhetha ububanzi kweendidi ngeendidi ezinika zonke iindidi iimoto. Amatanki, umzekelo, zininzi kwazo iintlobo kunye zokwakha ezahlukeneyo kunye iimpawu ezongezelelweyo. Kukho zokulwa ubisi, ipetroli, utywala, iimveliso ioli, amachiza, Ithatyathwe emigutyeni yonke, iigesi yepetroliyam, asidi, njl umthwalo nganye kufuna ukungqinelana inani yeemeko ezichaphazela imbonakalo yesixhobo kunye netanki. Oku kuyinyaniso ukuba ezinye iindidi ze iimoto.

Types of ezimotweni engaphantsi

iimoto zabo asetyenziswa komhlaba. Kukho iintlobo ezimbalwa ngoku baxhatshazwayo. Umzekelo, indlela ezinkulu iindidi ezinjalo iimoto engaphantsi, ngokweesirisi "E" kunye uguqulelo, iqashiso 81-717 / 714, "Jauza" (81-720 / 721) "Rusich" (81-740 / 741) kunye series 81-760 / 761. Mhlawumbi, ethile kusetyenziswa iinguqulelo ngaphambili.

"E" series yapapashwa gqira, kodwa isetyenziselwe, kuquka iinguqulelo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Emotweni, izihlalo 42, lo gama izakhono zabantu ukuya ku-270. Series 81-717 / 714 luyafumaneka ukususela 1977, oko inikeza izihlalo 40-44 kwaye yakhelwe abantu 308-330. "Yauza" ngakumbi kule mihla: eyenziweyo ukususela ngo-1991, kwanokunikela izihlalo 40-44, kwaye ngokubanzi sandwiching kubantu 330-350. Ukususela ngo-2002 wakhupha "Rusich", sele enika izihlalo 54-60 okanye neebhedi 344-370. Kwachithwa kukho uphuculo enkulu iimoto 2007-2008., Ngenxa yokuba kwakukho imodeli 81-717.6K / 714.6K, ukhululekile ngakumbi umqhubi, mayixhotyiswe inkqubo umoya kakuhle, kuba apho ukusetyenziswa ezingcono kunye technologies.