Ebudeni bolawulo uNicholas 2. Nicholas II: biography, ezopolitiko

2 UNikolai Alexandrovich (Meyi 6, 1868 - Julayi 17, 1918) - umlawuli yokugqibela Russian, owayelawula ukususela 1894 ukuya 1917, unyana omdala Alexander 3, noMaria Feodorovna, yaba ilungu Wawongwa i-St Petersburg Academy of Sciences. ESoviet historiographical isithethe walithiywa lanikwa kuye "Igazi." Ubomi 2 Nicholas kunye nobukumkani bakhe zichazwe kweli nqaku.

wobukumkani emfutshane of uNicholas 2

Ebudeni bolawulo uNicholas 2 ke uphuhliso loqoqosho esebenzayo yaseRashiya. Ngelo lizwe nokumkani yalahlekelwa emfazweni Russian-Japanese ka-1904-1905., Nguwuphi ngomnye unobangela zeziganeko olululo 1905-1907., Ingakumbi ukwamkelwa Manifesto ka-Oktobha 17, 1905, njengoko leyo wavunyelwa ukuba indalo zamaqela ezahlukeneyo yezopolitiko, kanye njengoko kwakheka Duma State. Ngomhla imanifesto efanayo yaphehlelelwa kwezolimo ngokutsha Stolypin. Ngowe-1907, eRashiya waba lilungu Entente kunye nesakhiwo sayo obandakanyeka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ngo-Agasti 1915, uNicholas Romanov 2 uba umphathi ephakamileyo. Ngexesha i Februwari Revolution of Matshi 2, 1917 umlawuli asiyeke. Yena nentsapho yakhe iphela zabulawa ngokugwetywa. Church Orthodox Russian lamiselwa kuzo ngo-2000.

Ebuntwaneni, kwiminyaka yokuqala

Xa UNikolai Alexandrovich wayeneminyaka engama-8 ubudala, waqalisa imfundo yakhe ekhaya. Le nkqubo yayiquka izifundo yemfundo jikelele elide iminyaka esibhozo. Kwaye ngoko - ikhosi of Sciences Higher iminyaka emihlanu. Isiseko lwenkqubo babeke yesikolo zoqobo. Kodwa endaweni isiGrike nesiLatini elizayo ukumkani lubekhona Botany, mineralogy, anatomy, ngokuphila kunye zomzimba. izifundo Advanced baba iincwadi Russian, imbali kunye iilwimi zasemzini. Ukongeza, inkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo zibandakanya ukufunda komthetho, ezoqoqosho kunye nemicimbi zomkhosi (imigaqo-nkqubo, umthetho, inkonzo ye-Staff Jikelele, geography). UNikolai 2 nayo abandakanyeke ukubiya, elungiselelwe oko, umculo, ukupeyinta. 3 Alexander kunye nomfazi wakhe Maria Fedorovna ngokwabo wanyula ukumkani elizayo kwabacebisi kunye nootitshala. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho amagosa omkhosi kunye norhulumente, izazinzulu: uN H. Bunge, K. P. Pobedonostsev, NN Obruchev, MI Dragomirov, N. K. Girs, AR Drenteln.

umsebenzi Early

Ukususela ebuntwaneni, ikamva uMlawuli Nicholas 2 unomdla kwimicimbi umkhosi; wayesazi ngokugqibeleleyo imimiselo zomkhosi nezithethe phakathi kwamagosa kunye namajoni abazange ukuphepha Engazi ngokwabo umxhasi yabo emcebisayo, kulula ukuba basise uhlela enkampini kunye nemirhumo inkxamleko yobomi yomkhosi.

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuzalwa, ukumkani elizayo ezibhalwe abaliqela Guards regiments, waza wenza nomyali 65th elihamba webutho of eMoscow. Xa abe nesihlanu seminyaka ubudala, uNicholas 2 (umhla ebhodini -. Kweminyaka 1894-1917) wamiselwa ingqwayi-Guards Life Reserve webutho, yaye kamva, ngowe-1875, i-Erivan webutho. Irenki yokuqala (sombutho), umlawuli elizayo waba ngoDisemba 1875, yaye ngowe-1880 wenziwa Lieutenant yesibini, yaye kwiminyaka emine emva koko - ukuba uLt.

Ukuze inkonzo esebenzayo emkhosini, UNikolai 2 kwafika-1884, yaye ukususela ngoJulayi 1887 wakhonza kwi Preobrazhensky webutho, waza wafikelela isikhundla nenduna. Waba ikapteni-1891, yaye emva konyaka - a sikhulu.

Ukuqala kobukumkani

Wafa emva kokugula ixesha elide, Alexander 1, 2 no Nicholas kwangolo suku lafumana ibhodi eMoscow eneminyaka engama-26, ngo-Oktobha 20, 1894.

Ngexesha mkhosi wakhe esemthethweni ibekwa May 18, 1896 ziye izenzakalo kwintsimi Khodynka apho. Zaqalwa kwenzeka bebulawa ezizenzekelayo babulawe nabenzakeleyo amawaka abantu.

Khodynka akazange senzelwe imikhosi, njengoko nesiseko soqeqesho ukuze amajoni, kwathi neblagoustroeno. Right ecaleni endle kwaba ebisenyobeni, kwaye ngokwayo wayifulela ezinemingxuma emininzi. Kumsitho yokubhiyozela emhadini kunye ebisenyobeni wayifulela iibhodi ze igqunywe isanti, ninxibe kujikelezo iivenkile, eminqubeni, nezitali lokusasaza ivodka simahla kunye nemveliso. Xa abantu bathanda baphazanyiswa ngamarhe ukwabiwa kwemali kunye nezipho, sibaleka kwizakhiwo liwa, ube, ukuyigubungela umhadi, yawa abantu, ngaphandle kokuba eme: ukuba sele asaba isihlwele. Amapolisa, zemka yi ngumtshangatshangiso, ebengenakwenza nto. Kuphela emva kokuba efikile ukusekelwa, isihlwele ngokuthe saa, eshiya indawo umzimba ibubutyobo, inyathelwe ngabantu.

Iminyaka yokuqala wokulawula

Kwiminyaka yokuqala wokulawula Nicholas 2 ubalo jikelele zabemi kunye nohlaziyo emali kuthwalelwa phandle. Russia ngexesha lokulawula ngukumkani waba karhulumente agrarian-mveliso: ukwakha zikaloliwe, imizi wakhula, kwakukho amashishini mveliso. I koMlawuli wathabatha izigqibo ejolise maxesha lwezentlalo nezoqoqosho Russia: lwemali igolide engange yaqaliswa, imithetho eziliqela inshorensi lwabasebenzi, wenziwe utshintsho kwezolimo Stolypin, imithetho ekunyamezeleni yonqulo imfundo yokuqala jikelele.

iziganeko

Ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas 2 laziwa ngokuba ukuqhubela ngamandla ubomi kwezopolitiko eRashiya, kwakunye nemeko-nkqubo enzima amazwe (iziganeko yemfazwe Russian-Japanese ka-1904-1905, i-1905-1907 revolution kwilizwe lethu, leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kwaye ngo-1917 - February Revolution) .

Russian-Japanese War, eyaqala ngo-1904, nangona umonakalo omkhulu kwilizwe, kodwa linyikime kakhulu igunya nokumkani. Emva yeentsilelo eliqela ilahleko kwi-Battle of Tsushima ngo-1905 kwaphela into elihlazo imikhumbi Russian.

Revolution ka 1905-1907.

NgoJanuwari 9, 1905 ukuvukela, loo mhla kuthiwa Sunday. imikhosi Government wadubula umboniso yabasebenzi, imibutho, njengokuba Kukholelwa, Georgiem Gaponom, umbingeleli yentolongo sendleleni eSt Petersburg. Ngenxa yale zokudubula ziye zabulala ngaphezu kwewaka demonstrators bathatha inxaxheba kumngcelele ngoxolo Winter Palace ukuba bangenise isicelo kumlawuli malunga neemfuno zabasebenzi.

Emva koko, le mvukelo yandele kwamanye izixeko ezininzi Russian. izenzo axhobileyo babe Navy kunye Army. Ngoko ke, June 14, 1905 oomatiloshe wasebenzisa elo inqanawa "Potemkin", bamsa Odessa, apho ngelo xesha ugwayimbo jikelele. Noko ke, oomatiloshe akabanga nabuganga ukuya elunxwemeni ukuxhasa abasebenzi. "Potemkin" waya eRomania yaye kwiNgxowa nabasemagunyeni. ngomdlalo intlaninge banyanzelisa ukumkani ukuba atyikitye Manifesto-17 Oktobha 1905 kunyaka okunike abahlali amalungelo oluntu.

Akukho ekubeni wenguquko ngokwemvelo, ukumkani kwanyanzeleka ukuphumeza utshintsho angavume- kwiinkolelo zawo. Wayekholelwa ukuba ixesha ayikho ivuthiwe inkululeko yokuthetha eRashiya,-siseko, lovoto. Kodwa Nicholas 2 (iifoto apho linikwa kwi nqaku) kwanyanzeleka ukuba atyikitye Manifesto ka-Oktobha 17, 1905, kwaqalisa esebenzayo njengoko intshukumo yentlalo utshintsho kwezopolitiko.

Ukusekwa kwe-State Duma

Umbhalo we yokumkani 1906, i-Duma State yasekwa. Nakule weRashiya, umlawuli wokuqala waqalisa ukulawula xa kukho ummeli umzimba kunyulwa yabemi. Oko kukuthi, Russia kuxhaphaka ngoku lobukhosi siseko. Noko ke, nangona ezi nguqu, * uKhesare ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas 2 kusamele amagunya emikhulu: wapapasha ngohlobo kwemithetho ummiselo, atyumbe abalungiseleli kunye inkulumbuso, bathembeke kuye, wayeyintloko lentendelezo, umkhosi kunye umxhasi ongcwele yeCawa, yachaza nkqubo angaphandle ikhondo lizwe lethu.

I-revolution yokuqala ka-1905-1907 wabonisa ingxaki olunzulu ezazikho ngelo xesha sikarhulumente Russian.

Nicholas 2 Personality

Ukusuka kwinqanaba umbono koogxa bakhe, ubuntu bakhe, ngeempawu ophambili, amandla kunye nobuthathaka baba kunokuba ingacaci nezibangele maxa wambi impikiswano. Ngokutsho abaninzi kubo, uNicholas 2 luphawulwa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo njenge buthathaka. Noko ke, kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuba uMlawuli belwela ukuphumeza iingcamango zabo kunye namanyathelo okuqala, maxa wambi elifutshane phambi ebungqoleni (kube kanye kuphela, xa kokusayina Manifesto ka-Oktobha 17, 1905, kwanyanzeleka ukuba angenise kwenye kukaThixo).

Ngokwahlukileyo kuyise, Alexander 3, uNicholas 2 (ifoto kuye, bona ngezantsi) akazange adale uluvo zobuntu olomeleleyo. Noko ke, ngokutsho ukuvala abahlobo kunye naye nabantu waba uzibambile ezizodwa, maxa wambi zitolikwa bengenamdla isiphelo abantu kunye namazwe (umzekelo, kunye equanimity, wabetha bume lobunganga, wadibana iindaba yokuwa ePort Arthur kunye ngokoyiswa umkhosi Russian kwi yeHlabathi yokuQala emfazwe).

Ethatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi karhulumente, Tsar Nicholas 2 wabonisa "ngenyameko ongaqhelekanga", kwakunye ukhathalelo kunye nokuchaneka (ngoko akazange waba unobhala, kunye yonke yoshicilelo kwi leta wabeka isandla sakhe). Nangona ngokubanzi ulawulo omkhulu amandla lisekhona "umthwalo onzima" kuye. Ngokutsho ayephila, uPeter Nicholas 2 memory ongenanceba, ngokuqaphela kunye nobudlelane wayenobubele, ezibekile kunye indoda ethe. Uninzi konke elazisa ngelixa imikhwa yabo, uxolo, ezempilo, kwaye ingakumbi ntle yentsapho yakhe.

Nicholas 2 kunye nentsapho yakhe

Xhasa nentsapho yakhe bakhonza umlawuli. Alexandra akazange kuphela ngumfazi kodwa engumphakathi, umhlobo kuye. womtshato labo yabanjwa ngoNovemba 14, 1894. Umdla, iimbono kunye nemikhwa wabalingane badla musa idibana, ubukhulu becala ngenxa kwiiyantlukwano zenkcubeko, ngokuba uKumkanikazi yaba okweqanda waseJamani. Noko ke, oku akuzange kumthintele isivumelwano usapho. Esi sibini waba nabantwana abahlanu: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia kunye Alexei.

idrama usapho yakomkhulu ezazibangelwa kukugula Alexei, owayenesifo kubazali bakhe (igazi incoagulability). Yiyo le sifo unobangela yokumkani indlu Grigoriya Rasputina, edume isipho sokuphilisa kunye nombono. Wayedla wanceda Alexei ukumelana ezikwenza yokugula.

The First World War

1914 waba unyaka wenguquko kwi bayahlelwa Nicholas 2. Oko xa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. I koMlawuli wayengafuni le mfazwe, ezama de ngomzuzu wokugqibela ukuthintela ekufeni. Kodwa ngoJulayi 19 (Agasti 1) 1914 Germany kodwa wagqiba ekubeni aye kulwa ne-Russia.

Ngo-Agasti ka-1915, ziphawulwe ngokuthi ukulandelelana yeentsilelo zomkhosi, Nicholas 2, ibali iBhodi leyo sele ekufutshane yokugqibela, ecinga ngendima umphathi xa intloko yomkhosi Russian. Waye kuqala wabelwa Duke Nicholas (junior). Ukususela ngoko so kuphela ngamaxesha athile watyelela capital ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kwiqondo High Mogilev e oyiNtloko.

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi wazomeleza iingxaki zangaphakathi eRashiya. Ezitshangubeni eyayibangele engundoqo kunye nephulo elide eyayibonwa ukumkani neqembu yakhe. Le mbono yokuba "uthola eliSetyenzisiweyo" kurhulumente Russian. Umyalelo wamajoni lizwe ekhokelwa umlawuli ekuqaleni kuka-1917 wadala icebo ukuze ekhubekisayo jikelele apho ngehlobo lika-1917 kwacetywa ukuphelisa longquzulwano.

Kukulahlwa uNicholas 2

Noko ke, ekupheleni kweyoMdumba kulo nyaka, ukuphazamiseka kwaqhambuka Petrograd, leyo, ngenxa yokuba kungekho ukuphikisa abasemagunyeni, ziye zakhula kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa kwimiboniso yepolitiki nxamnye nokumkani ubukhosi kunye norhulumente. Okokuqala UNikolai 2 ezicwangcisiweyo ngamandla ukuphumeza umyalelo kwi komkhulu, kodwa, ndakuqonda kwisikali yokwenene uqhankqalazo, wanikela eli cebo, esoyika kwegazi ngakumbi ukuba kungenza. Amanye amagosa aphakamileyo zodidi, abezopolitiko kunye namalungu layo kakumkani wayefuna ukuba ukucinezela iziphithiphithi utshintsho oluyimfuneko karhulumente, shela ka uNicholas 2 ukusuka etroneni.

Emva hlaziyo, ebuhlungu Matshi 2, 1917 e Pskov, ngexesha uhambo ukuya uloliwe komlawuli, uNicholas 2 ndagqiba ukuba atyikitye isenzo shela ukusuka etroneni, ukuba iBhodi, umninawa wakhe, Duke uMikhail Alexandrovich. Noko ke, akazange avume ukwamkela isithsaba. Kukulahlwa Nicholas 2 oko kwakuthetha isiphelo Dynasty.

Iinyanga zokugqibela zobomi

2 Nicholas kunye nosapho lwakhe babanjwa ngoMatshi 9 nyaka. iinyanga ezintlanu zokuqala baba Tsarskoye Selo, phantsi ukhuselo, yaye ngoAgasti 1917 bathunyelwa Tobolsk. Emva koko, ngo-Apreli 1918, kwiBolsheviks bafudukela Nicholas kunye nentsapho yakhe Ekaterinburg. Apha, ngobusuku July 17, 1918, xa kanye ndisembindini wesixeko, apha wangaphantsi wendlu Ipatiev, apho amabanjwa awayevalelwe entolongweni, * uKhesare Nicholas 2, nabantwana abahlanu bakhe, nomkakhe kunye nabanye abahlobo abasondeleyo yokumkani, kuquka ugqirha usapho Botkin kunye nabakhonzi, ngaphandle kwentlawulo okanye akukulinga shot. Abantu abalishumi elinanye babulawa.

Ngo-2000, ngokuthi isigqibo Church 2 uNikolay Romanov kunye nentsapho yakhe lamiselwa, kwaye endaweni yendlu Ipatiev kaThixo yakhiwe Orthodox ibandla.