Ethnonym - yintoni na le nto? definition

Iguqulwe ukusuka ethnonym Greek - oko ngokoqobo 'igama abantu. " Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, amagama besizwe wathwala intsingiselo ethile. ethnonymic Science esifunda la magama, fumana iingcambu zawo, aze achaze neziphumo zazo.

Amagama yanikwa boyisa

Ngokwembali, imvelaphi ethnonyms yahluke kakhulu. Amagama ezinye izizwe yamkelwa bahlaseli yelizwe labo. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkulungwane VII kwi Balkan Peninsula zihlaselwa hlokondiba eTurkey abathetha Bulgarians. Khan waba ngumlawuli bezinye eMzantsi Slavic karhulumente. Ezincane Turks ngcembe yaphela phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni.

Nokuxubana ziye alukapheli, kodwa walitshintsha igama angaboyisi zabo, abe namesakes ze iVolga Bulgarians, kwakunye eCaucasus Balkars. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba ethnonym - into modifiable, kunye nesiqulatho ukuze azivelele.

Ngokufanayo, njengoko Bulgarians, kwinkulungwane XIII, iziganeko kuphuhliswa kuMbindi Asia. Ngomhla kummandla namhlanje Uzbekistan ihlaselwe Mongols. Amagama ngokwezizwe zabo, namadoda aziinkulu zezindlu zazibonakala amagama amaqela asekuhlaleni (ngoko manghud apho, Barlas njalo njalo. D.). Ngelo xesha linye ethnonym angabamelwane "Kazakh" siku imvelaphi eTurkey. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo ngeelwimi, eli lizwi enxulumene elithi "Cossacks" (zombini eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "ezamahala, abantu free").

Kwimeko boyisa kunye yoyiswa Sinomzekelo esahlukileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu ingxe- ngokwabo ukunika igama nabanqobi zabo. Umzekelo ibali Hutts. Aba bantu babehlala eAnatolia Ekuveleni zeminyaka yesithathu yesibini BC. e. Kamva, endaweni Hutts wafika Indo-baseYurophu, nto leyo eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba bakaHeti.

Territories nabantu

ethnonym ngalinye - uhlobo indaba. Usebenza kuphela kubantu, kodwa ilizwe apho udla ubomi. Izifundo Ethnonymic zibonisa ukuba kwezinye iimeko igama ndawo wamnika igama ungumsebenzi ebantwini.

Edume Inkokeli zomkhosi uAleksandr Makedonsky wazalelwa eMakedoni - ezweni lasentla ye Greece yamandulo. KumaXesha Aphakathi kulo mmandla kuyisombulula South nokuxubana. Babengenanto okudibeneyo impucuko yamandulo nkqu yoyiswa wakhe ukusukela ukuba engeziphele kudala. Kodwa igama kwelaseMakedoni waqhubeka khona. It washiya istampu kwi kumzantsi nokuxubana. Ngokufanayo kunjalo nabantu lweBaltic ka-Prussia. Ngenkulungwane XIII, ilizwe labo yoyiswa amaJamani. Kwixesha elizayo, urhulumente waseJamani kule ndawo yaziwa ngokuba Prussia, nabemi bayo, amaJamani babebizwa Prussians.

imifela tribal

Amaxesha amaninzi ethnonym - ilifa esizweni mnye, intloko owayesakuba umbutho okanye Confederation. De kwinkulungwane IX, i Czechs musa ukuhlala kuloo ntsimi inkulu. Around kubo ezinye izizwe ezininzi West Slavic. Ngokuthe ngcembe, Noko ke, loo nto yaba Czechs benza umgudu yakubo.

Union Polabian nokuxubana bodrichey efika igama ukusuka kwesinye sezizwe manyano. Kungenjalo zinto kwi abamelwane babo lutici. Baye got igama elitsha ikhaya, akazalani ezinye izizwe. Amaqela ngenkcazo Tungus kufuneka isiko yokuthiya uhlobo engundoqo qela.

Imizekelo eyaziwayo abhalwe. umphakathi wakhiwe Isenokwaphuka, yaye wenza iindawo ezahlukeneyo - kugcina igama lokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kuphinda kuzola ezilinganayo (common ngaphezulu). Ngaloo ndlela ke igama Turk (Turks abayinzala), Slovenes, Slovaks kunye Slovenes Ilmen (bayinzala nokuxubana).

ethnonyms eziphosakeleyo

Ukuba ethnonym "nokuxubana" ebesoloko intsingiselo enye, ezinye ethnonyms akwazi ukutshintsha umxholo wayo, nokuba le into kuhlala enye. Xa XIX Moldovans lokuqala ngokuba yi kwamaGrike gypsies. In pre-revolution eRashiya ethnonym "Kyrgyz" alibandakanyi i-Kirghiz (Karakirgiz amagama abo), kunye Turkmens kunye Kazakhs.

Igama uhlanga omnye ingahlakazeki kubamelwane ukuba ulwazi kwezi commonalities ezi zale elabalabayo. Umzekelo, i "AmaTatar" ethnonym liye lasetyenziswa Russian ngokunxulumene nayo nayiphi na i-East. Eli siko ladlulela ukuya eNtshona Yurophu. Ngaloo wabonakala kwimephu ye-Tatar Strait (leyo esahlula nemisinga evela Sakhalin), ngelixa ecaleni kwakhe zange wahlala AmaTatar nje kuphela, kodwa ke Mongols. Kwakhona eRashiya kwinkulungwane XVIII amaJamani ambongoza Danes okanye Dutch. Kuba frendzh amanye amazwe aseAfrika ' "- ayikho kuphela isiFrentshi, kodwa bonke baseYurophu.

izihloko Evolution

Ukuba igama ethnonym iqala a ozimeleyo entsha esuka ulwalamano zangaphambili ophilileyo. Ukraine - hayi eziseludinini, nkqu xa kuthe umxholo lo intsingiselo kutyalwa kuyo. Ngenxa yoko, amagama abantu kusenokuba amanqanaba amathathu amaxabiso. Lokuqala - ingqiqo phambi lokusekwa ethnonym, le yesibini - le ethnonym ngokwayo, kwaye eyesithathu - wavuka ethnonym. Umzekelo: ngo-pre-olululo eRashiya, kwaye nawuphi na umntu emnyama neemvakalelo kwelinye lwesigypsy.

Phakathi self-igama ethnicons zimele inxalenye ezincinane. Igama amaJamani kuqala ukusetyenziswa hayi ngabo kodwa Celtic. izizwe Sami, wabeka isiseko sekamva wesizwe waseJamani, akuchasa omnye komnye. Baye lwalungekho ngokudibeneyo kwaye akanalo igama eliqhelekileyo. Kuba Celtic, i Teutons kukho ubunzima abstract, icandelo lwangaphakathi loo nto adlale indima.

Amagama yaseYurophu ezininzi izizwe Native American ziye kuthathwa evela kubamelwane. Ukunika igama, musa nje ezabo, inzalelwane akuchasa kwabanye. Ngoko ke, izizwe ezininzi zaziwa ngamagama ukuba ngokwabo zange iqatshelwe. Umzekelo, amaNdiya Navajo Bazibona "idina" - oko kukuthi, "abantu." Akukho amagama zabo phakathi Papuans. Ezi izizwe bodwa baziwa baseYurophu i ezingqonge imilambo, iintaba, iziqithi, iilali.

Amagama indawo futhi totemic

Enye mbono malunga igama abantu Bashkir ithi igama elithi 'Bashkort "bubonakala" beekeeper ". Nangona olu guqulelo sikude esisiseko, ibonisa enye yezi ntlobo lwamagama uhlanga. isiseko Ethnonim kungaba nje ibinzana ebonisa uhlobo lomsebenzi, kodwa ke isalathiso unqulo. Inani elikhulu abantu bamandulo wathabatha igama layo imbeko totem yakhe. ubunzima efakiweyo imizekelo ezinjalo. Indian isizwe Cheyenne ithwala igama totem inyoka. Ngoko kwakukho amagama zabantu baseAfrika kunye Bomthonyama of Australia.

ethnonyms Egqugqisileyo indawo. Buryats - i "ehlathini" (igama babenikwa abamelwane emathafeni). "Imithana Abantu" babizwa ngabaThwa. Igama Slavic Union Dregovichi eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "imanyano Bog" (dregva - Bog, nomgxobhozo). Bethetha egameni Balkan abaye.

Umbala secondary ethnonyms

ethnonyms Umbala afumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo ehlabathini. Ukuchana akwaziwa kwanjengokuba bekukho elithi "Belarusian". Kukho utoliko ezininzi: ifuthe umbala yeehempe zabo, namehlo okanye iinwele. ethnonyms Uninzi umbala kwi iilwimi zamaTurkic: tyheli Uyghurs, umlenze emhlophe abamnyama Nogais. Kukho uguqulelo ukuba abantu Kyrgyz - i "red Oguz".

ethnonyms Secondary ngaphandle abelaseMakedoni senditshilo kwaye Prussians - kuba nalo kubalulekile, nto leyo wamnika igama Italy kunye Italy mihla. Phambi kokuba ukuvela abantu wohlobo kwinginqi zazinza eBavaria yamandulo, ekhupha Celtic boyev. Ngoko etnonim yangaphambili labemi uba ethnonym kweli lizwe, uze emva koko - labemi entsha. Umzekelo England yaziwa - eNgilani - British kunye Franks - France - French.

Amagama abonakala kunye nomsebenzi

Isiseko se ethnonym kusenokuba iimpawu zangaphandle. Indonesia wamnika igama Papuans ( "olugobileyo"). Ethiopia - "abantu ubuso yokuba zingenangcambu zoma kwaphela" Lombards - "high". Neyabo babe ukupeyinta umzimba siko. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto babebizwa ukuba "zinaso".

Kwakhona ethnonym ivela njenge kuthethwa ngamasiko nezithethe. Abemi bamandulo eSisili Siculo - "abalimi" okanye "abavuni", Koryak - "abelusi". UmArabhi iintsapho dafir kunye muntefik - "aluka" okanye "bamanyene '(a kubhekiselwa ubekeko uhlanganiso).

ethnonym Russian

Kukho iinkcazo ezininzi ekuhlaleni lwezenzululwazi malunga yintoni na imvelaphi ethnonym "Rus". version Varangian ithi eli gama - yaseScandinavia, kwaye eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "bengababheqi." Kukho kwakhona ithiyori ye-Indo-Iranian (eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "ukukhanya") kunye Proto-Slavic. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa ngamaXesha Aphakathi igama elithi "Rus" kwakuthetha bobabini abantu kunye norhulumente. Ukusuka kwakhe igama mihla East Slavic izizwe.

Ethnonym "Russian" yokuqala usetyenziswa "Abantu Russian". Xa Ekuveleni XVIII kunye XIX eminyaka. kunye ukuvela lwesichazi uncwadi mihla sasetyenziswa yedwa, kwaye iye yaguquka yaba sisiCwangciso yesibizo. Phambi revolution ka-1917, igama elithi 'Russian "akwazi ukubonisa East Slavic izizwe ezintathu (kwaye landiswa ifan'ba Omkhulu baseRashiya kunye Ukraine).

igama ehlangene

Ethnonyms e Russian ukuchaza ukuba isethi ifomu ezidityanelweyo (Chud) okanye isininzi (amaJamani). Njengoko umthetho, amagama akhiwa kunye nezimamva. Umzekelo -yata kwaye -ichi ukumela inzala sodidi efanayo. Ngolwimi Russian ethnonyms nokuba ibolekwe wafumana ukuvalwa ezininzi: abavela, amaJamani, Estonia, amaNgesi, Estonia, amaYiputa. Ezi isimamva njengoko -intsy -ovtsy kwaye umzekelo isakhiwo omnye komnye nesimamva.

Ukuveliswa inokuba eengingqi. Ethnonyms bezizwe ukuya kumzantsi-mpuma nokuxubana empumalanga lwaphela -ary: Avars, nangezinto, Bulgarians, Khazars, njl Le meko zamaTurkic kunye neengcambu Indo-Iranian ... izizwe Finnish entla nokuxubana, phezu koko, kuthiwa ngokudibeneyo: Chud, Vod, yonke, yam, samoyad, eekore. Le mizekelo - hayi kuphela. Okunye ethnonyms ezidityanelweyo: Erzya, Meria, Izhora, Meshchera, Mordvinians, Lithuania.

ukuphazamiseka

Xa ukudlulisela amagama kubantu bolwimi ngomkhwa wolwimi, oko kudla lehle ukutshintsha nefonetiki. I lohlanga iilwimi elithi 'Russian' iyalila "Urus" okanye "Oros" njengoko kwiqela nomphambukeli zamaTurkic ukusetyenziswa isandi "p" ekuqaleni ilizwi. Hungarians bazibiza Magyars. izihlobo yabo ikude lee eSiberia - abantu Finno-Ugric of Mansi. OluHanjiswa kwinguqulo zombini ethnonym - enye kunye lizwi linye, kakhulu silungiswe mkhombe (Meshchera bobabo kwa elo qela linye, Mishari, Mazhar).

Uninzi ngokwamagama ezizwe lwaseAfrika zaye zonakaliswa bamathanga zaseYurophu kule fomu wabonakala ngolwimi Russian (Togolese, Congolese). bamazwe Cossacks kuqala wadibana Buryats, ngempazamo washwankathela igama ezeza elithi "mzalwana". Ngenxa yoko, isiko yonke. ixesha Buryats elide wabiza abazalwana (kungoko ke igama laloo mzi ka Bratsk). Ukuze ubone imvelaphi ingcali ethnonym "ukususa" zonke utshintsho zembali ezama ukufumana imilo yayo yoqobo.