I-chemistry engabonakaliyo - yintoni na? I-chemistry engabonakaliyo kwikharityhulam yekharityhulam

Inkqubo yezakhematika ezikolweni iqala kwi-bakala lesi-8 ngokufunda iziseko zenzululwazi jikelele: ichaza iindlela ezinokubakho phakathi kwee-athomu, iintlobo zee-lattic lattic kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuphendula. Oku kuba sisiseko sokufunda ibalulekileyo, kodwa icandelo elithile elikhethekileyo - inorganics.

Yintoni na?

I-chemistry engabonakaliyo yenzululwazi ejonga imigaqo yesakhiwo, izakhiwo ezisisiseko kunye nokusetyenzwa kwazo zonke izicwangciso zetafile zexesha. Inendima ebalulekileyo kwi-inorganic idlalwe nguMthetho wePeriodic, olawula uluhlu oluchanekileyo lwezinto ngokuguqula ubunzima bawo, inombolo kunye nohlobo.

Le khosi iquka kwakhona iimveliso ezibunjwa ngexesha lokusebenzisana kweempawu zetafile (okukuphela kohlobo lwama-hydrocarbon olubhekiswe kwizahluko zezinto eziphilayo). Iingxaki ze-chemistry ezingaqhelekanga zenza kube lula ukuhlaziya ulwazi oluthile olufunyenweyo.

Inzululwazi kwimbali yayo

Igama elithi "lingabonakaliyo" livela ngokuhambelana nombono wokuthi libandakanya inxalenye yolwazi lwemichiza engahambelani nemisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwabonakaliswa ukuba ezininzi zehlabathi eziphilayo zivelisa ama-"non-living" amaqumrhu, kwaye i-hydrocarboni nayiphi na uhlobo ihlanganiswa phantsi kweemeko zebhubhoratri. Ngoko, kwi-ammonium cyanate, eyityuwa kwi-chemistry yezinto, isazi senzululwazi waseJamani uVeler wakwazi ukuvelisa urea.

Ukuze kuphephe ukudideka kunye nomnxeba kunye nokuhlelwa kweentlobo zophando kwizinto zenzululwazi zombini, inkqubo yezikole kunye neyunivesithi elandela i-chemistry jikelele igxininisa ukuhlolisiswa kwama-inorganics njengesiyalo esisisiseko. Kwihlabathi lezenzululwazi, ulandelelwano olufanayo lugcinwa.

Iiklasi zezinto ezingaqhelekanga

I-Chemistry inikezela ngolu hlobo lwakhiwo lwezinto eziphathekayo, apho izahluko zokuqala zeengqungquthela ziqwalasela uMthetho woNyaka weziNto. Olu luhlu lwentlobo ekhethekileyo, esekelwe kwingqalelo yokuba iindleko zee-athomu ze-nuclei zithintela iipropati zezinto, kwaye ezi pharamitha ziyahlukahluka. Ekuqaleni, itafile yakhiwa njengombonakalo wokwanda kwimibala ye-atomic yezinto, kodwa kungekudala oku kulandelwa ngokulandelelana ngenxa yokungafaneleki kwimeko yokuba izinto ezingaqhelekanga zifuna ukuqwalasela le ngxaki.

I-Chemistry, ngaphezu kwetafile yexesha, ithatha ubukho beempawu ezilikhulu, amaqoqo kunye nemizobo ebonisa ixesha leepropati.

Okwangoku, inguqu ehlanganisiweyo yokuqwalasela loo mbono njengeeklasi ze-chemistry ezingaqhelekanga zithandwa. Kwiikholam zetafile, izinto ziboniswa kuxhomekeka kwiimpawu ze-physicochemical, kwimigca - ixesha elifana nelinye.

Izinto ezilula kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga

Umqondiso kwitheyibhile yenkcazo kunye nesicatshulwa esilula kwiimeko zamahhala zihlala zizinto ezahlukeneyo. Kwimeko yokuqala, kuphela uhlobo oluthile lwee-athomu lubonakaliswa, kwimeko yesibini, uhlobo lokuhlanganiswa kweengqungquthela kunye nempembelelo yazo ngokufanayo kwiifom ezizinzile.

Ukubambisana kweekhemikhali kwizinto ezilula kubangela ukuba ukwahlukana kwabo kube yintsapho. Ngaloo ndlela, sinokuhlukanisa iintlobo ezimbini ezibanzi zamaqela ase-atom - izinyithi kunye ne-nonmetals. Intsapho yokuqala inamalungu angama-96 avela kwi-118 afundiswe.

Amanzi

Uhlobo lwe-metallic lubonisa ukuba kukho ubuqili obufanayo phakathi kweengqungquthela. Ukusebenzisana kusekelwe ekuhlaleni kwee-electrioni ze-lattice, ezibonakaliswa ngokungahambisani nomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokungagunyazisiyo. Yingakho isinyithi siqhuba ukushisa, iindleko, zineenkwenkwezi zetsimbi, i-ductility kunye neeplastiki.

Ngokwemimiselo, izitye zisekhohlo kwitheyibhile yenkcazelo xa uqhuba umgca ochanekileyo ukusuka ku-boron ukuya kwi-astatine. Izinto ezikufutshane kwindawo ukuya kule nqanaba zihlala zihlala kumda kwaye zibonisa ubume beepropati (umzekelo, i-germanium).

Iimpawu ezininzi zenza iifom ziseko. Iidridi ze-oxidation zezinto eziqhelekileyo azidluli ezimbini. Kulo qela, isinyithi sinyithi sanda, kodwa sinciphisa ngexesha. Ngokomzekelo, iFrench e-radioactive ibonisa iimpawu ezingundoqo kune-sodium, kwaye kwintsapho ye-haloji, i-iodine inayo i-luster.

Ngaphandle koko, imeko yisexesha - iingqungquthela zipheliswa ngamagesi angenayo, phambi kwayo kukho izinto ezinxulumene neepropati ezichaseneyo. Endaweni engqambileyo yetafile yexesha, i-reactivity yezinto ziyahlukahluka kwi-intanethi nge-amphoteric kwi-acidic. Izitshixo ziyancitshiswa (zithatha iifowuni ekubunjweni kweebhondi).

Ezingekho izinyithi

Olu hlobo lwama-athomu lufakwe kwiiklasi eziphambili ze-chemistry engavumelekanga. Izinyithi ezingezizo zihlala kwicala lokunene letafile yeMendeleev, zibonisa izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zinto zifunyenwe ngolu hlobo lwezinto ezixubene kunye (umzekelo, i-borates, i-sulfates, amanzi). Kwimeko ye-molecule yamahhala, ubukho besi-sulfure, i-oksijini kunye ne-nitrogen iyaziwa. Kukho neendlela ezininzi ze-diatomic gesi ezingenagxininiso - ngaphandle kwala mabini angentla, zingabandakanya i- hydrogen, i-fluorine, i- bromine, i-chlorine kunye ne-iodine.

Zizona zinto eziqhelekileyo kwihlabathi - i-silicon, i-hydrogen oksijeni ne-carbon iqhelekileyo. Iodine, i-selenium kunye ne-arsenic ziqabile kakhulu (apha zibandakanya ukucwangciswa kwe-radioactive kunye nokungaqinisekiyo okufumaneka kumaxesha okugqibela etafile).

Kwiimveliso, ezingekho izinyithi ziziphatha ngokukhethekileyo njenge-acids. Ziyi-oxidants ezinamandla ngenxa yokunxulumanisa inani elongezelelweyo lama-electron ukugqiba eli nqanaba.

Izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingabonakaliyo

Ukongeza kwizinto ezimelelwe liqela elinye lama-athomu, iimpawu ziyaziwayo, kubandakanywa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo. Izinto ezinjalo zingabinqabile (ezibandakanya iindidi ezihlukeneyo), ezintathu-, ezine izinto kunye njalo njalo.

Izinto ezimbini

Ukubaluleka okhethekileyo koxinano olunobunono kwiimlekyuli luqhotyoshelwe yi-chemistry. Iiklasi zeemveliso ezikhoyo zikwaqwalaselwa kwakhona kwinqanaba leembono ezibanjwe phakathi kwama-athomu. Ingaba ionic, i-metallic, i-covalent (i-polar okanye i-nonpolar), okanye ixutywe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zinto zibonisa ngokucacileyo isiseko (phambi kobunzima), i-amphoteric (emibini - ngokukodwa impawu ye-aluminium) okanye i-acidic (ukuba kukho into enesidanga se-oxidation of +4 okanye ngaphezulu).

Abahlobo abathathu

Izihloko ze-chemistry ezingaqhelekanga zibonelela ngoluhlobo lwenyano yama-athomu. Amacandelo anamaqela angama-athi angama-2 (amaninzi amaninzi asebenzisanayo neentlobo ezintathu zezinto) zivame ukubunjwa kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezinto ezahluke kakhulu kwiimpawu ze-physico-chemical.

Iintlobo ezinokufumaneka zonxibelelwano zidibeneyo, ionic zidibene. Ngokuqhelekileyo izinto zento ezintathu zifana nezibhinqa ngenxa yokuba enye yemikhosi yokusebenzisana kwamanyathelo kunamandla kunomnye: obuthathaka uveliswa kwiphezu lesibini kwaye unakho ukukhupha isisombululo ngokukhawuleza.

Iiklasi ze-chemistry ezingaqhelekanga

Ubuninzi bezinto ezifundwayo kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga zingathathwa ngoluhlu olulula ngokuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kunye neepropati zazo. Ngako oko, i-hydroxides, i-acids, i-oxides kunye ne-salts iyahluka. Ukuqwalasela ulwalamano lwabo kungcono ukuqala ngokuqhelanisa nomxholo weefom oxidizedi, apho kungabakho nantoni na into engekhoyo. I-chemistry yezihlobo ezinjalo zixutyushwa kwizahluko kwi-oxides.

Oxides

I-oxide inxulumana nayiphi na into eyenziwa yikhemikhali ene-oksijini kwimeko ye-oxidation ye--2 (kwiiperoxides -1, ngokulandelanayo). Ukubunjwa kwebhondi kwenzeka ngenxa yokubuyiswa kunye nokuqhotyoshela kwee-elektroni ngokunciphisa i-O ₂ (xa i-electro-electoral factor element) i-oxygen).

Bangabonakalisa iipropthi ezicacileyo, i-amphoteric, kunye neziphambili, kuxhomekeke kwiqela lesibini lee-athomu. Ukuba isinyithi, kwi-oxide yona ayidluli kwinqanaba le-oxidation +2, ukuba ayingekho isinyithi - ukusuka kwi +4 nangaphezulu. Kwiisampuli ngobume obuninzi bama parameters, ixabiso le +3 lifezeke.

Ii-acidi ezingenayo

Ama-compound acidic aneempendulo ezingaphantsi kwe-7 eziphakathi ngenxa yemeko ye-hydrogen cations engena kwisisombululo kwaye emva koko ithathelwe indawo yeron ion. Ukwahlula izinto ezinzima. Uninzi lwe-acids lunokufumaneka ngokuhlalutya i-oxydes ehambelana namanzi, umzekelo, ngokubunjwa kwe-acid ye-sulfuric emva kokungena kwe-SO ₃ .

I-chemistry engundoqo

Iipropati zolu hlobo lweemveliso zibangelwa ubukho be-hydroxyl engama-OH, obanika impendulo engaphezulu ngaphezulu kwe-7. Iinqwelo zombulunga zibizwa ngokuba yi-alkalis, zona ziqine kakhulu kule klasi yezinto ngenxa yokupheliswa kwezinto (ukubola kwiion kwi-liquid). Iqela le-OH linokuthi lithatyathelwe ngamanxuwa e-asidi xa wenza isaliti.

I-chemistry engabonakaliyo yintsimi yesibini ekwazi ukuchaza izinto ezivela kwimibono eyahlukileyo. Kwiingcamango ze-protolytic, iziseko zithathwa njengabawamkeli be-hydrogen cation. Le ndlela iphakamisa umxholo wale klasi yezinto, ubiza i-alkali nayiphi na into enokukwazi ukuthatha iproton.

Ityuwa

Olu hlobo lweemveliso lufumaneka phakathi kweziseko kunye ne-acids, kuba luyimveliso yokusebenzisana kwabo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokuqhelekileyo ion isimbi (ngamanye ama-ammonium, i-phosphonium okanye i-hydroxonium) ibonakala njenge-cation, kwaye i-residu e-acidic iyinxalenye ye-anionic. Xa ityuwa yenziwa, i-hydrogen ithathelwa enye into.

Ngokuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wenani lamagujethi kunye namandla abo ngokumalunga nomnye, kunengqiqo ukuqwalasela iintlobo ezininzi zeemveliso zokusebenzisana:

• Isalathisi ezisisiseko ziyafumaneka xa amaqela e-hydroxyl engagqitywanga ngokupheleleyo (ezo zinto zine-alkaline yokusabela okuphakathi);
• I-acid i-salts yenziwa kwimeko echaseneyo - ngokungabikho kwesiseko esiphendulayo, i-hydrogen ihlala ihlala kwinqanaba;
• Iyona edume kakhulu kwaye ilula ukuyiqonda iisampuli eziphakathi (okanye eziqhelekileyo) - ziyimveliso yokungahambisani ngokupheleleyo ne-reagents kunye nokubunjwa kwamanzi kunye nomcimbi kuphela nge-cation yensimbi okanye i-analog kunye ne-acid resisi.

I-chemistry engabonakaliyo yenzululwazi eyenza ukuba ukwahlukana kweklasi nganye ibe ngamaqhekeza aqwalaselwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo: amanye ngaphambili, abanye emva koko. Ngokufunda ngokujulile, kukho ezinye iindidi ezine zeetyu:

• Iimbini ziqulethe i-anion enye phambi kwamagama amabini. Ngokuqhelekileyo izinto ezinjalo zifunyanwa ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwamatyu ayenamathole e-asidi, kodwa izitya ezahlukeneyo.
• Udidi oludibeneyo luphambene nolunye oludlulileyo: isiseko saso sisinye isiqu kunye nama anion ahlukeneyo.
• I-hydrate yama-crystalline i-salts, kwindlela apho kukho amanzi kwilizwe elidibeneyo.
• Iingxaki zizinto apho i-cation, i-anion okanye bobabini bafana namaqela kunye nesakhiwo sokwenza. Ezi zinyuwa zinokufumaneka ngokubanzi phakathi kweenkalo ze-subgroup B.

Njengokuba ezinye izinto zibandakanywa kwi-workshop kwi-chemistry engabonakaliyo, enokuthi ibekwe njengama-salts okanye njengeziqendu ezihlukeneyo zolwazi, omnye unokuthiwa ngama-hydride, i-nitrides, i-carbides kunye ne-intermetallides (iindidi zeensimbi ezininzi ezingekho i-alloy).

Iziphumo

I-chemistry engabonakaliyo yenzululwazi inomdla kuzo zonke iingcali kule ndawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zifuna ntoni. Iquka izahluko zokuqala ezifundwe kwisikolo kulo mbandela. Inkambo ye-chemistry engabonakaliyo inika ukulungiswa kwemali enkulu yemali ngokuhambelana nokuhlengahlengiswa nokulula.