I-Chile: uluntu, uluntu, ubuninzi kunye nolwakhiwo lwesizwe

I-Chile lizwe elisezantsi eMzantsi Melika. Ubungakanani belizwe ukusuka kumntla ukuya kumzantsi malunga neekhilomitha ezili-4 000, ngelixa ububanzi obukhulu bu malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-200. Enye yezinto ezinomdla ezinxulumene nenani labaseChileans: uluntu lwelizwe lubonakaliswe ukwanda kwencinci kwintsimi yaseMerika.

Koloni

Njengoko kuboniswe zifundo zabantu, ngexesha leenkoloni, ngokwemihlaba eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kuma-50 kuya kuma-75 lamawaka aseYurophu afika kweli lizwe. Uninzi lwabo lwaluyiBasque neSpeyin. Phakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, malunga nama-20,000 amaJamani afika apha. Ngenkulungwane ye-20, abameli abangaphezu kwe-100,000 baseYurophu bafudukela eChile. Inani labemi beli lizwe ngexesha lobukoloni balo lwandisiwe ngamawaka angamawaka angama-250. Oku kuncinci kakhulu, xa kuthelekiswa nezibonakaliso ezifanayo zomzantsi waseMzantsi Melika. Ngaloo ndlela, ngoku kukho izizathu zokuqinisekisa ukuba ama-ethnos asekuhlaleni ayenokubangelwa ngumxube wabemi base-Aborigines nabaseSpain.

Uhlobo lweSizwe

Ukuba sithetha ngokubunjwa kwelizwe, kucingwa ukuba abantu baseChile banezigaba ezintathu eziphambili. Iyokuqala ngabantu besizwe. Bakha i-7% yenani labahlali abahlala kwintsimi karhulumente. Ama-aborigines adume kakhulu apha anama-Araucans, apho kukho abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi. Ezinye iintlanga azikho ezininzi. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye zazo zisekupheleni kokuphela.

Inxalenye yesibini yesizwe yiSpeyin Chileans, ngubani onyana bekholoni yokuqala yelizwe. Ukuxubana kwabo kunye nomthonyama kubangelwa ukuba njengamanje baqikelela malunga ne-92% yabemi belizwe.

Iqela lesithathu limela abafuduki baseYurophu. Njengoko sele sichazwe ngentla, ininzi yabo yayingamaSpanish neeBasques. Ngekhulu leminyaka le-20, iChile nayo yafudukela kwabaninzi abafudukela eBrithani, eFransi, eJamani, eItali naseCroatia. Njenganamhla, ukuhlaliswa kwezizwe kwilizwe ngalinye linalo malunga nesiqingatha sezigidi zabantu.

Akunakwenzeka ukukhankanya abemi besiqithi sePasika, abanamalungelo aseChile. Zihlala ziPolynesi. Ukongezelela, intsimi yelizwe likhaya kwikhaya elithintekayo leSwitzerland, lamaYuda, lamaDutch kunye lamaGrike.

Iinkalo zabantu

Inani labantu baseChile, inani labo namhlanje elingaphaya kwabantu abayizigidi ezili-17, lihlulwe yaba ngamaqela amathathu . I-akhawunti yolutsha malunga nekota yelo lizwe, kunye nabadala-kuphela 8%. Umyinge wokuhlala kwindoda yabasetyhini iminyaka eyi-80, ngelixa amadoda engama-73.3 iminyaka. Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe ngasentla, urhulumente ubonakaliswe ngokunyuka kwexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kwindleko yabasebenzi kwinani labemi, okokuqala, ukususela kwiminyaka engamashumi asibhozo ekhulwini lama-20, akubanga phezulu ngaphezu kwezinga le-1.7%. Kanye kunye nalokhu, asikwazi ukushiya ukukhankanya ukwehla okukhulu kwinqanaba elisandul 'ukufa kwabantwana.

Ukuhlaziya

Ukwabiwa okungafaniyo kwabemi yinto enye yeChile. Inani labantu beli lizwe ligxininise kakhulu kwimimandla ephambili yelizwe. Bahlala kwi-67% yabantu. Ukuba ubuninzi bomlinganiselo woluntu kweli lizwe ngabantu abangama-22 kwikhilomitha yekhilomitha, ke kwi-capital yayo yeSantiago, kufinyelela kummandla wabemi abangama-355. Esi sisona siphezulu seChile. Kwimimandla esenyakatho, kuyo yonke ikhilomitha yekhilomitha, umyinge wabantu abathathu, kunye naseningizimu - akukho ngaphezu kweyodwa. Aborigines bahlala ikakhulu kwimzantsi. Konke oku asikwazi ukusilela ukuthambekela kokufuduka kwamaNdiya kwidolophu.

ULwimi

Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni sisiSpanish. Oku akumangalisi, kuba abaninzi baseChile, uzalwa. Umthonyama waseChile wayenakho ukugcina ezininzi iintlobo zeentetho zokhokho bawo. Ngaloo nto, iSpanish isetyenziselwa ukufundisa ezikolweni, kunye nabantu abaninzi base-Aboriginal ukuthetha nabanye.

Inkolo

Uninzi lwabantu baseKapa luthiwa ngamaKatolika. Babala malunga nama-70% abo bonke abakhonza amaChile. Phantse i-15% yabahlali bendawo bazithumela kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zamaProtestanti (ngokuqhelekileyo amaPentekoste). AmaNdiya ahlala ethembekile kwizithethe, ngoko zibiza iinkolo zabo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iSonto lamaRoma Katolika lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kungekhona kwintlalo kuphela, kodwa nakubomi bezopolitiko belizwe. Ingakumbi, ithatha inxaxheba ekuqhubekeni kweenguqu ezahlukeneyo kwimimandla karhulumente.

Urhulumente kunye nomsebenzi

Ngokubanzi, urhulumente uthathwa njengowomnye ummandla waseMzantsi Melika. Abantu basezidolophini baseChile bangama-86% abemi belizwe, inxalenye enkulu ekugxininiswe kwimimandla emibini ephambili, njengoSantiago noValparaiso. Iidolophu ezinkulu zelizwe zazisungulwa ngexesha lenkoloni, ngoko ke ukubunjwa kohlanga lwabemi babo akumangalisi. Ziyinzala enkulu yabantu baseSpain nabase-Aborigines bendawo. Abantu basemaphandleni kweli lizwe bahlala kwiindawo zokungcebeleka nakwiindawo zokuhlala ezincinci.

Imisebenzi ephambili yabemi baseChile yinkampani yeenkonzo, ishishini kunye nezolimo. Kwamanye amashishini, ngokulandelanayo, ama-63, ama-23 kunye nama-40 ekhulwini kwenani labahlali abanempilo. Ngokubhekiselele kwisantya sokungabikho kwemisebenzi kwimeko, kumgangatho we-8.5%.