I-Neolithic Revolution

Inguqulelo ye-Neolithic yona mcimbi ubaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, eyaba yinyathelo elibalulekileyo lendoda ebalulekileyo kwimbali yehlabathi ukuba iguquke ibe yimpumelelo.

Kwimihla emininzi yoluntu lwabantu basekuqaleni, okwenziwe ngokungatshintshiyo. Uphuhliso lwayo lwaluqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kangangokuthi kwakungeyona nto ingabalulekanga. Utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu lwaqala kuphela kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo, ngaphambi kokuba indlela yobomi yabantu ayitshintshi iminyaka engamashumi amawaka.

Isiganeko esibaluleke kakhulu kwixesha lomntu wokuqala woluntu, okhokelela ekutshintsheni kwezakhiwo ebomini babantu, bekuyi-revolution yeNolithic, eyaqala malunga ne-10-15 kwiminyaka eyinkulungwane edlulileyo. Ngeli xesha, kukho ukubonakala kwezixhobo zokugaya, ukuvela kwezolimo kunye neenkomo. Ukuveliswa komsebenzi wabasebenzi ngokubhekiselele kulokhu kwandisa kakhulu kwaye kuqale ukudlula umthamo, kubonakala umkhiqizo ogqithisileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho ithuba lokuqokelela ubutyebi kunye nokudala izitokisi. Uqoqosho loveliso lwenza umntu angaphantsi kuncike kwimvelo. Uluntu luqala ukukhula. Ngelo xesha, iimeko zokuxhaphaza abanye abantu ngabanye (abo baqokelela ubutyebi) zenziwa.

Inguqulelo ye-Neolithic yayidibene nokuphuhliswa kobugcisa bokulima umhlaba kunye nokuqala kwezolimo. Abantu baqala ukuhlwayela imbewu yebhali, ingqolowa, iimbotyi, i-millet nezinye izityalo kunye nokuvuna. Ukuba ngaphambili kumzingeli omnye ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubomi obuqhelekileyo besizwe buyimfuneko malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20 zomhlaba, ngoku kule ndawo yenzeke ukunyusa amakhulu amafama. Ngaloo ndlela, i-niche yemvelo iye yandisa amashumi kunye namakhulu amaxesha. Abantu beza kakhulu, kwimbali yoluntu "i-golden age" yaqala.

Uguquko lwe-Neolithic lunegalelo ekuqaliseni ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkqubo yokuqala yoluntu kunye nokutshintshela kwiifom zokuqala zenkqubo zombuso. Indlela entsha yokuphuhliswa kunye nentlangano yoluntu yayibizwa ngokuba yi "proto-state". Ngeli xesha, iindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu ziqala ukuvela, zijika zibe ngamacandelo olawulo, iinkcubeko kunye nezenkolo. Nangona iinjongo zenkokeli zihambelana neminqweno yamanye amalungu oluntu, ukungalingani kwezentlalo sele kusakhulayo, okukhokelela ekuhlukaneni okuthe ngcembe kwezi mfuno.

Kule nqanaba ukuba iindlela zokuphuhliswa zihlukaniswe "ngasentshonalanga" kwaye "empuma". Izizathu zolu buxoki kwimeko yokuba uluntu kunye noluntu lomhlaba ligcinwe eMpuma. Oku kwakungenxa yemfuneko yomsebenzi wokunkcenkceshela, okwakungekho ngaphaya kwamandla eentsapho. Emazantsi, apho umsebenzi onjalo wawungekho mfuneko, uluntu lwahlukana ngokukhawuleza, kwaye umhlaba waba yipropati yangasese.

Inguqulelo yeNeolithic kunye nemiphumo yayo

Ukubaluleka kweenguqu ezenzeke ebomini bendoda yokudala zikhulu kakhulu. Ekutshintshelweni koqoqosho lwezoqoqosho, iinkqubo zaqaliswa ekugqibeleni zakhokelela ekutshintshisweni kwendalo yonxibelelwano lwabantu bokuqala. Uluhlu olupheleleyo lwezinto ezibonakalayo ezintsha zivela ebomini bomntu, phakathi kwazo-ukuhlukana kweenkomo zokuzalisa kwezolimo, kunye neBronze Age - kunye nokwabiwa kwemisebenzi yezandla; Ukuqiniswa kokuhlukana kwezentlalo kunye nepropati ngaphakathi naphakathi koluntu; Inxaxheba eyandayo yentsapho; Utshintsho oluvela kwintsapho yoluntu ukuya kummelwane; Ukuvela kolutsha uhlobo lweendawo zokuhlala ezinkulu. Inguqulelo ye-Neolithic ibonakalise ukufuduka kwezinto zokuqala, nangona le nkqubo yayingalingani. Ekuqaleni, kwavela iziqithi ezikuphela, apho zonke iimeko zokutshintshwa kwimpucuko ziphuhlisiwe. Kuphela emva kwexesha inkqubo eye yazinzileyo kwaye ihamba phambili.