Ukuguqulwa kukaYeltsin kaBoris Nikolaevich - ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko: iziphumo kunye neengxaki, iziphumo

Intloko i "urhulumente wabaHlaziyi," ngubani wathembisa ukuba ngumongameli, ulongamo imimandla izixhobo zomkhosi. Kuba kulawulo lizwe ngexesha Boris Yeltsin ocetywayo utshintsho ezinjalo, imiphumo apho uluntu Russian lixesha elide ukuba badumise, isiqalekiso, kwaye oko kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya.

komhlaba karhulumente Yeltsin namhlanje

Boris Yeltsin waba "kuqweqwe" kwi yemisebenzi zokusebenza elinambini, kodwa ndaya kumsebenzi weqela. Awavukela ngayo conservatism le CPSU washiya iqela, uthathe indawo kwi phezulu eliphikisayo lwentando yesininzi. UMongameli, inyanga emva konyulo, awalibethayo mdibi, wayefuna ukuya ekugqibeleni knock izibonelelo zoqoqosho lolawulo-umyalelo, kodwa wakhokelela yenarha olungagqibekanga.

Phantse Okwendalo nelithi ngoku igama Borisa Eltsina. Okunye ubudlelwane olunamandla: emsebenzini kunye "iibhatyi nebomvu," ubuhlwempu kunye nentswelangqesho, olunzima kakhulu kwi Chechen imfazwe yokuqala kunye yokushiywa, iingxelo zoluntu ezingenangqondo nguMongameli kunye ukuwa epheleleyo igunya Russia ehlabathini. Ngokunjalo kutshintsho lwezoqoqosho nopolitiko akuphumelelanga Yeltsin. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ilula kunjalo, asizizo zonke iinzame yitshintshe ilizwe Yeltsin zithwala ezintle ayiphumelelanga. Kwafuneka uyenze entsha, ichazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye ngenxa yokuba izikhundla ezininzi phaku unanamhla yembono kunye noqoqosho iyaxokozela. ukuguqulwa impikiswano, kodwa hayi ezimbi ngokupheleleyo. Iingenelo neengozi Ushintsho Yeltsin ngoku nokuba licace ngaphezu ekupheleni koo.

iinguqu zakutshanje kwilizwe elitsha: elihle

New Russia ngexesha Yeltsin luphawulwa izinto ezininzi, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo musa ukuthandabuza, kodwa kuvavanyo abahlalutyi zabo umgangatho uzinzo ngaphantsi. Noko ke, sithi kubo:

1. Russia Yeltsin wamnkele i eYurophu naseMelika. Boris Eltsin badla abezopolitiko kunye neentloko karhulumente, ebonisa ukukulungela ngokupheleleyo ukuba uyavumelana nawo yaye nzima ukwakha uqoqosho kwimarike eRashiya. Eminye yale ngongoma ngokuqinisekileyo safudukela inxalenye elandelayo senqaku - malunga bawo, kodwa ekupheleni koo, ilizwe lethu kwakunzima ukuhlawula ukuqhubela yobudlelwane bezizwe, kodwa ubuhlobo bokwenene - qoqosho nopolitiko - ayizange iphumelele.
2. Akukho ukuhluza iindaba kunye akukho kuphinda ukulandela abameli imisebenzi yoyilo. Akukho ulawulo okanye kwinkalo yenkcubeko, okanye kumajelo eendaba. Ngokuvakalisa inkululeko yokuthetha.
3. Privatisation. BaseRashiya abaye baba abanini zokuhlala kunye namashishini umqondiso intshukumo Ndokholosa lwentando yesininzi. Kunjalo ukuphikisana xa usenza uluhlu izinto igalelo elihle njengenguqu market Yeltsin.
4. Inkululeko yokuzikhethela amandla yaqala Boris Yeltsin.
5. Kukho iibhanki ezininzi, abo ingakumbi amancinane. Kodwa bona bakhonza ikakhulu izinto ezamkelekileyo iklasi entsha - i Russian entsha, kwakunye abanini-mveliso kunye neenkampani.
6. utshintsho Yeltsin ezopolitiko kunye ikhosi lwentando yesininzi: inkqubo lentlaninge, ukusonjululwa kuthathelwe kunye kokhetho lukaMeyi.
7. Uhlaziyo Tax eRashiya ngowe-1991 - kwinqanaba lokuqala, iziseko inkqubo yerhafu.
8. I-Iron ludilike Wawa ngokupheleleyo - imida ivulekile.

Ngoko ke, ayizizo zonke linamanqaku amahle ngenene njalo. Ngoko abathile kwamathandabuzo.

iinguqu lwakutshanje ilizwe elitsha: elibi

Ukutshabalalisa eSoviet Union, lwabasunguli akungekwazeki ukuba ukumela yintoni elandelayo eza kwenzeka. Bashiye uqoqosho ezicwangcisiweyo, ukuba babecinga uceba amazwi le Amaqumrhu nabani. Njengeli sikhundla phantse zothando embi kungekudala zabemi kunye ngokwanelisayo kukarhulumente. Mhlawumbi kuhle yaye akazange enze izicwangciso ngaphezu kwenyanga. Ngaba kamva waqonda njenge "ezintlanu" ibloko odumileyo kwezoqoqosho ekupheleni koo yokuqala, oko wasebenza ngaloo ndlela. Iingxaki ngokubanzi musa ukuhlaziya, yaye wazama ukucombulula. Lo msebenzi lingakulungele, siye baye besiba nabafo abazizibambiso iimeko eziye wadala ezi ngxaki.

inguqu abangaphumelelanga kunye neziphumo nguqulelo Yeltsin esithi:

1. Le mfazwe ku Chechnya. IRussia kuwuyeka lo emehlweni, alusebenzisa isizwe kwimimandla. In Chechnya inkululeko lazisiwe Ichkeria, Russian waqalisa kohlanga. Yeltsin uthumela amajoni zibe Chechnya. Oku kwabangela ukuba liqhekeke kwiPalamente. Yegor Gaidar, ukuba intloko iqela 'Democratic Choice of Russia ", kunye namalungu iqela wabhengeza khalaza, kodwa akaba nako inganempembelelo kwisigqibo. Yeltsin, umgca omtsha eliphikisayo, Democratic Party. E Moscow, yabamba irallie anti-imfazwe, amajelo eendaba zibe zizele kweengxelo nxamnye imfazwe. Le ntlekele inkulu, Kakade ke, akukho nolu- kwi kurhulumente epalamente, Grozny, Gudermes, Argun nakwezinye iilali. izixhobo owayenomgutyana umkhosi, ezibandakanya isikakhulu conscripts, umyalelo nolungafanelekanga kunye nomkhosi abatyhafileyo. Tsalela data ezahlukileyo ilahleko, ukususela-4 ukuya-14 000 ufile. Imfazwe e Chechnya, okanye njengoko ibizwa ngokuba ukusekwa komyalelo siseko kwi Chechen Republic igama angakhuselekanga Yeltsin, njengoko Umlawuli, nako ukwenza kwimeko kakhulu, kwaye anqunyulwe izahlulo zakhe zezopolitiko efunyenwe kwi Ekuqaleni Russia entsha.
2. lulwaphulo High, banditry, urhwaphilizo kunye nokunye. iinguqulelo Market Yeltsin ngokuvakalisa inkululeko kwepropati, kwaye abanye baye yakuqonda yimvume ukusebenzisa amalungelo abanamandla. Emizini Russian kukho imigulukudu ukuba ningoyiki nabani na okanye ishishini umdla nantoni na, azinakuze ukubulala kunye iqela, kwanabo kunye amangqina olwaphulo-mthetho. namagosa anyanzelisa umthetho badla akazange ungenelele sichitha, kukho amatyala inxaxheba kwamapolisa kulwaphulo. Amaxesha amaninzi nemigulukudu awunamsebenzi, ubukhulu becala abantu abaselula, baye ngumsebenzi, yaye wayefuna ukuba imali lula. Ixesha of nokubulawa kwabantu.
3. Ngqesho, ilwe usemva iinyanga, ukwehla okukhulu kwimveliso kunye nokupheliswa kwezityalo. Ingakumbi kakhulu kwezolimo kunye namashishini. Iziphumo zezi nkalo yotshintsho Yeltsin babekholelwa yi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
4. Default - i ethile engundoqo uhlaziyo Yeltsin kaThixo. Iingcali Economy zithi ukuthintela ukwehla le engange kuyenzeka, ukuba izigqibo hayi ngaphambili umongameli okanye kugunyaziswe uqoqosho kwinqanaba loluntu. AmaRashiya ndihlwempuzeke.
5. I-US kunye nezinye "abahlobo" le Russia entsha ayisekho Babengabalelani iinjongo zeli lizwe.
6. uguquko siseko Yeltsin likaThixo liye ethembisayo, kodwa enyanisweni kwaye practice phantse yaphelela. Imithetho nje walwa enkohlakalo kunye norhwaphilizo. I-avareji Russian iye yaba "umntu omncinane", njengoko kwi iinoveli zakudala. abantu okubi ziye ziyanyuswa yaye akazange athembise ukuthembeka Yeltsin.
7. Abantu baqalisa ukuhamba kweli lizwe - ukufuna umsebenzi, ukhuseleko kunye amathemba emsebenzini. Yena eshiya ezininzi beengcali nabaphengululi. Enye ilahleko ngenxa ukutshintsha.

Namhlanje, kuvavanyo lwe nempumelelo Borisa Eltsina iinguqu ukwahlula iingongoma ezimbini kwimboniselo. Abanye bathi ukuba i "behlunguzela 'of Russia kwi 90 wamnika ukuzinza zero. Elinye iqela bakholelwa ukuba senkulungwane ezimbini wasindisa urhulumente owawusiza ukulutshintsha, uze kwentlekele - imiphumo iinguqu Yeltsin kunye Abahlaziyi ngayo ilk yakhe.

Uqoqosho Market - ikhondo entsha eRashiya

Ingqalo nguqulelo Yeltsin iqale ngokutsha koqoqosho. Le ocalu-eSoviet yaqala phantsi umqondiso imarike. Boris Yeltsin, ayifiki ukuthatha lizwe kwakhokelela umva wayo - to capitalism nethe kuyo revolution noloyiso ngo 1917. Ngendlela, uhlobo umdla karhulumente Yeltsin omoyikayo unit zemali ukubuya yanamhlanje woqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo. AbaHlaziyi bakholelwa-90 isibheno ebulalayo ukuba amava kwezoqoqosho qumrhu. Nakuba kunjalo, izifundo ecacileyo ukuqulunqa indawo ayikwazi.

Ngoko ke, Boris Yeltsin wathumela market Russian, yaye oku nohlaziyo olukhulu emkholisayo West.

Urhulumente omtsha okhokelwa Yeltsin, kodwa seengcinga kutshintsho loqoqosho, efundisa, mathathu Egoru Gaydaru. It ekufuphi nebheyi ezinye Abahlaziyi abaselula: ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu Anatoly Chubais kunye Pet engaseBhetaven, tridtsatidevyatiletny uAleksandr Shohin mathathu anesibhozo Andrei Nechayev. Zibizwa ngokuba "amakhwenkwe Harvard". Baya Harvard ayipheli, kodwa wafunda ingcamango lwasentshona kwezoqoqosho.

Indlela ukuba ahlole imibono

Boris Yeltsin wawayalela Abahlaziyi abatsha ukuba ifake impumlo kwezopolitiko, kodwa wamnika inkululeko epheleleyo ezama ukwakha uqoqosho. Gaidar kunye noogxa bakhe baqalisa ukusebenzisa nethiyori practice, yinkululeko amaxabiso. Gcwalisa komele isigqibo ebangelwa simahla amaxabiso, khon 'ukuze kufikelelwe ukulingana kwaneliswe nemfuno. Bonke aba nombono ka Gaidar, kodwa Yeltsin. Yaye wokuqala kaJanuwari 1992, bonke baqala ukuba libe banenxaxheba nomthengisi. Amaxabiso ayanda ezinye iimveliso yentlaninge amaxesha.

ingeniso Real ziwile ngesiqingatha, kwaye konke oku sizoku lwisana abangaphangeliyo. Urhulumente ukuba ahlawule naziphi na izipho okanye azise Ukwabiwa. Kodwa lwabiwo luwile kwaye "ikhadi" ayikhange ibe nako ukuxhasa. Yaye abantu abazange ezivunyiweyo. Shiya imeko yedwa, nokuqhubeka ukuchaza ngoko ke ngoku, ukuba yinkululeko amaxabiso - inkqubo ebuhlungu, kodwa kunokwenzeka kuphela xa zenene ekupheleni koo.

Ezivenkileni kwakukho "wasemzini" iimveliso kunye nempahla nabantu Soviet, kodwa kuthenga kubo kungengenxa. imali kuphela ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela essentials. Faka i "amaholo 'nokunceda ubize lorhwebo olukhululekileyo.

korhwebo

Bazithengise phantse nantoni na. Ezibayeni, isitalato yorhwebo uthotho nabazali, omninzi ezithengiswayo kunye nemoto iimarike. Shuttles ke oosonzululwazi kunye namagcisa.

Kodwa ingeniso kakhulu yaba "abathengisi 'ekhoyo zesinyithi non-ayoni oli, irhasi kunye. Umahluko phakathi amaxabiso KWIHLABATHI kunye basekhaya ephantsi wathembisa inzuzo ziliwaka ekhulwini. Ngokuba asethi kwi "nineties owenkawu 'walwa ngemipu kunye nemigewu. Ngenxa yokunqongophala amaziko karhulumente eyiyo aqalile ukwabelana emarikeni zonke iindlela ezikhoyo. Kamva, Abahlaziyi bathi wayengenakuba kwangaphambili into enjalo lulwaphulo amandla, ekholelwa ukuba ngakumbi zisingeleke phantsi le noosomashishini omncinci ukuya isuke. Kodwa ke ishishini ukufumana i 'uphahla' eziinkozo kunye nempahla, ngokufuthi bembuza ngoyaba umthetho.

kukho "omtsha Russian 'kweli xesha. Bacebisa bema mzuzu xa ingeniso abantu abaqhelekileyo kunzima kunye neendleko.

privatisation

Xa iRussia yasungula inkqubo "babucala yevawutsha", wacebisa ukuba ekubeni amashishini Soviet uya kufumana abanini ezintsha ngempumelelo. Imfuneko utshintsho lunokusolwa i "abalawuli ebomvu". Ngoko wabiza iinkokeli kwiinkampani ezinamandla, owasebenzisa isimo sakhe njenge "feeder" kwaye cwaka ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya ukusebenza kwezikim zokuthengisa "grey".

Yeltsin kunye norhulumente bakhe ukudala udidi lwabanini wamvakalisa ukongama kumashishini abucala karhulumente. iingxelo ngu ilungelo wonke ukuthenga ngexabiso elifikelelekayo Enyanisweni wasentsomini. Inzuzo Little inokufumaneka yabasebenzi kuphela zityalo eliphezulu-ukuyekelela, yaye kwakukho encinane. Ukongeza, ekuqaleni ukubamba ngotyefezo zabucala. Lesithembiso amalungelo alinganayo kwipropathi karhulumente zange isebenze.

Zonke iinzame ukuzinzisa le meko wenziwe kokuwa. "Utshintsho Pavlovskaya" kwakhokelela nullification iminikelo. Sazama ziquka umatshini wokushicilela, kodwa wenza okubi ngaphezu okulungileyo.

Care Gaidar, ngolokuqala "iphiramidi" kunye SCG

Zonke iinzame zokunciphisa kwityala lemali lesizwe akukho impumelelo, kufikelelwa kuphela ulibaziseko lwentlawulo. Nathi sibaxolela amatyala of Greece kunye Poland, kodwa hayi laseRashiya buthathaka. kwezomnotho nokwandiswa yi ntlekele kwezopolitiko. NgoDisemba 1992, ePalamente lufuna utshintsho inkulumbuso. Kamva, Yeltsin utyunjwe UViktor Chernomyrdin, uye wenza ezininzi iimpazamo kungekudala.

Ngo-1993 waqalisa ukutshintshiselana engange Soviet ku Russian. Kwadlula iiveki-35 000 kuphela kunye kuphela amabini. Sberbank ofisi emide. Yeltsin wagqiba ukwandisa isixa ukuya ku ikhulu lamawaka, kunye nexesha - de ekupheleni konyaka.

Iqala i xesha "iphiramidi" zemali. Imbonakalo "MMM", "Selenga", "Nkosi," nabanye abantu ezincinane. Abasemagunyeni ukuqapha imisebenzi yabo distantly, intando yepolitili angenelele, akuzange kube nomthetho ofanelekileyo. Kodwa kamva isaziso iinguqulelo kwezoqoqosho Yeltsin sagxekwa kwiinkalo ezininzi i "iphiramidi".

Ngaphezu koko, xa ngaxeshanye kunye "iphiramidi" eRashiya kukho kwiibhondi zikarhulumente elifutshane ukuze nizalise mali. Kurhulumente ukukhupha iibhondi kwaye bathengise ngazo. Inzuzo ohlulwa aba iinxalenye ezimbini. Omnye ukuba agubungele eshotayo mali. Kwelinye - ngokusebenzisa ezi nkampani ye-Central Bank of karhulumente kuthenga efanayo T-iindleko zabo. GKO ekuqaleni wayizisa imali, kodwa ekuqalekeni konyaka asithoba anesibhozo intsilelo mali iya kuba nje enkulu.

ukuhanjiswa kwempahla karhulumente

Ngenxa privatisation iinkampani Russian enamandla bayicezele le nkqubo, ngokusesikweni wahlala zoluntu, kodwa kuphela ukulawula iifem ezinjalo abalawuli kunye, ngamanye amaxesha, nkqu isangqa elimxinwa lobunkokeli. Waqala phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente "collateral", evunywe yi ngurhulumente, apho iinkampani abazuzwe ngemali karhulumente.

Ministry of Finance ukudlulisela imali ezibhankini, olawulwa yi-oligarchs. Abamiselweyo "kwifandesi", lowo uphumeleleyo leyo lukhuselekile ngezabelo ze inkampani ebinikwe mboleko eya kurhulumente, eziquka imali yakhe. Kwaye xa urhulumente ukuhlawula imali, sezabelo kuhlala kumnikazi omtsha. Xa izandla zabucala le "efandesini" kwathabatha iinkampani ngaphezu kweshumi, kuquka i "Norilsk Nickel" yaye "Yukos". UMikhail Khodorkovsky, umzekelo, ukuba ndihlawule imali yenkampani karhulumente i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali sedipozithi, leyo wambeka zezoqoqosho.

Ukungagqibeki nemvukelo mgodini

Ngowe-1998 yabhengeza denominirovanii engange: amawaka engange iye yaba nye. Lo nyaka Russia ifikile ingxaki zemali Asia kwaye ukuncipha amaxabiso oyile ukuya iidola ezilishumi umphanda. Abasemagunyeni bazama ukugcina imali engange "wasiyeka", i-Central Bank yavuthela lwemali baza 'imfazwe kaloliwe ". NgoMeyi, abasebenzi basemgodini zidlulela imizila kaloliwe, bafuna yokurhoxa kwe Boris Yeltsin kunye nokuchithwa likaRhulumente Koti kunye norhulumente. Iimfuno ukubuyela ngobume bakhubeka sam phezu izimvo kwi ngokutsha olufunekayo kushishino wamalahle le, kunye nokuphelisa izigcayiseli kunye zokusebenza.

Ngo-Agasti, wazisa kokwendalo zemali, abezoqoqosho Western uyicinge loo nto, kodwa umongameli Russia kunye iingqikelelo akazange avume wathi esidlangalaleni akayi kuba loo default. Kodwa ke wayeza, urhulumente wathi ngokwayo yimali, urhulumente wavuma ukuba kungenzeka ukugcina imali engange izinga lotshintshiselwano band engasekho. Le imali engange Russian siwile ngesiqingatha, kwaye iibhanki zayeka ukukhutshwa iidipozithi. ekuvuleni indawo: Kirienko, Primakov, Stepashin uze Yeltsin ubhengeze ukuba uyehla njengomongameli Russia.

Iziphumo iinguqu Yeltsin kaThixo

Xa umfanekiso ingqiqo njengenguqu esisiseko Yeltsin babe ukusilela ngokupheleleyo. Ingakumbi lokulungisa umnotho Yeltsin. Emva kokuba ukuthula yoqoqosho yali ye ekupheleni koo-Russia sele ilizwe le-cash esiphumelelayo. elite Business wadala kwiindonga epokothweni, kwaye urhulumente "wanikela" kwimizi-mveliso namashishini ngaphandle ofumana naluphi uncedo-mali.

Urhulumente wabonisa akukho butyala abantu bayo, ngubani, ngomhla ukulungiswa ngokutsha ndati therapy kukothuka. Uhlaziyo zazifana ngakumbi experiment, ekudaleni Usongo ukunqongophala kunye nendlala.

Nokuba kungenzeka ukuba kwakhiwe entsha Russia ezinye iinguqu - bathi, njengokuba ezinokwenzeka umongameli kunye noovimba Boris Yeltsin. Ngomhla olwandulela kunyulo lokuqala ukuba ivoti ishishini. Imali eninzi kwaye iphulo elikhulu-isikali "Vote okanye Baphelelwe". Uninzi wayengafuni kuphulukana ishishini, esoyika uloyiso umgqatswa lukamongameli kunye iqela Yeltsin Communist Gennady Zyuganov. Kungenzeka, ngoko ke kuya kufuneka ukuba zizibuyisele zonke imarike "ukuze kuzuzwe."

Conversion akazange kukhokelela eRashiya ukuba inkqubela, kodwa umzimba osezantsi kuphela kuphuhliso lizwe, nibethe ebuhlungu kakhulu kuqoqosho kwaye phantse yonke intsapho Russian. Abanye bathi ukuba zonke ntoni ukuba bendingafuni ukuba connivance kwamagunya ukuba atshabalalise iinkqubo lizwe. Noko ke, sele idlule elo xesha, yaye ngoku ihlala kuphela ukuhlalutya iimpazamo ezidlulileyo ukuba singaphindi kubo.