I-Pechenegs ... Ukutshatyalaliswa kwePechenegs

Iphepha le-litmus onokuyiqonda ukuba imvelaphi yabantu iilwimi. Ulwimi lwePecheneg luyintsapho yaseTurkic, equka ezininzi iinkampani ezivela eTurkey ukuya eSiberia nase-Central Asia. Kulo lonke uluntu olukhulu kukho amaqela amancinci. Kwimeko yePechenegs, ezi ziilwimi ze-Oguz, apho zibekwa khona. Ukwazi oku, sinokufumana isihlobo sabo esilandelayo.

Imvelaphi yePechenegs

Izihlobo ze-Pechenegs zi-Oguzes, omnye umntu ongu-nomad othabathe inxaxheba kwimfundo yabantu base-Central Asia. I-Pechenegs ngabamelwane abasondeleyo, abagqiba ukufudukela entshonalanga kwii-volga steppes. Kukho izizathu ezininzi zezi. Mhlawumbi kwakuyintlonelo yesizwe, kunye nokutshintsha kwezulu kwimeko yokuhlala, kubandakanywa nesomiso, oko kwakuthetha ukunciphisa izixhobo ezibalulekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, inyunyana yezinhlanga yafudukela entshonalanga. Oku kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-IX, ngokukodwa ngexesha lokuvela kwephondo laseMpuma eSlavic. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abafokazi abazange baye enyakatho, kodwa baqhubeka nohambo lwabo ngasentshonalanga kwimida kunye neBulgaria neByzantium. Abamelwane abatsha bahlala kwi-Steppes yaseMnyama, kwintsimi ye-Ukraine yamanje.

Ngaphandle kweengcambu zabo zesiTurkic, ekugqibeleni abaxumi bafumana iimpawu ezithile zeCaucasoid. Ngaloo ndlela, abantu bexesha baphikisa ukuba abemi be-steppes abanomvumba omnyama kwaye bahlambe iindevu zabo, ngelixa amaKyivans angakwazi ukulahleka kalula kwisihlwele xa badibana nabo. Kodwa loo nto ibonakala iyaphikisana, nangona kunjalo, kwakunokwenzeka, ngakumbi xa ucinga ukuba i-steppe emva kokuhlaselwa ngokuphumelelayo yathatha amashweshwe asekuhlaleni amabhinqa.

Ubume bolwalamano phakathi kweRussi kunye namadada

Ukususela ekuqaleni, uPechenegs kunye noRussi baye baba ngabadlali kunye neentshaba. Bayiyo kwimpucuko eyahlukileyo, kwakukho umda phakathi kweentlukwano zenkolo. Ukongezelela, bobabini bahluke kakhulu. Yaye ukuba i-Russia ekugqibeleni ifumene iimpawu zenkqubo yangempela eyazibonelela yona, oko kuthetha ukuba ayikwazi ukuhlasela abamelwane bayo ngenzuzo, abamelwane bayo basemazantsi basoloko bephila ngendlela yokuphila engabonakaliyo.

I-Pechenegs - lo ngenye ingqungquthela, iqhutywe yi-Asia steppes. Kwintsimi yaseMpuma Yurophu, le meko iye yadlalwa ngokuhamba ngeminyaka iminyaka emininzi. Ekuqaleni laba babengamaHuns, abo ngokufuduka kwabo babeka isiseko soMfuduko oPhambili weZizwe. Xa befika eYurophu, babethusa iintlanga eziphucukileyo, kodwa ekugqibeleni zaphela. Endleleni yabo kwixesha elizayo baya kumaSlavs kunye neMagyars. Nangona kunjalo, bakwazi ukuhlala, baze bahlala kunye nommandla othile.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, amaSlav yaba ngumhlobo "wokhuseleko" eYurophu. Kwakungabo bahlala becinga ukutshaywa kwamatsha amatsha. I-Pechenegs kule ngqiqo - kuphela enye yezinto ezininzi. Kwixesha elizayo, i-Polovtsia iya kufika kwindawo yayo, kwaye ngekhulu le-13-i-Mongols.

Ubudlelwane kunye ne-steppe abuqulwanga kuphela ngamaqela amabini ngokwabo, kodwa naseConstantinople. Ngamanye amaxesha abalawuli bamaByzantine bazama ukunyanzelisa abamelwane. Kule ndlela kwakukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo: igolide, isongelo, ukuqinisekiswa kobuhlobo.

Ukuxabana kokuqala phakathi kwamadada kunye namaSilav

U-Pechenegs noRussi baqala ukulwa emfazweni, xa abahlalutyi behlasela umlawuli waseKiey Askold. Ezi nkcukacha ziphikisana ngabalwazi-mbali abathile, kodwa akukho bani ochasayo inyaniso yempi yabangena kwii-steppes ne- Prince Igor ngo-915 no-920. Ngalesi sikhathi, amandla kaRurikovich sele anwezelwe kuNovgorod, apho yena ngokwakhe evela khona.

Ukufumana izibonelelo ezinjalo kunye nenani labantu, iRashiya yakwazi ukunqanda ukutshabalaliswa kwabantu abatsha basemzantsi. Ngomntwana ka-Igor - uSvyatoslav - i-horde ixabana ngezihlandlo kwicala lakhe njengamagosa, umzekelo, malunga neByzantium. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenzisana akuzange kube namandla. Bonke abafana baka-Svyatoslav Igorevich bafa besuka ku-Pecheneg ekugqibeleni kwiDnieper rapids, emva kokuba uJohn Tzimisces anike i-khan ininzi yegolide.

Ixesha eliqhelekileyo le-steppe

Ngaloo minyaka, umanyano womanyano ufikelele kwinqanaba lophuhliso. Siyabulela kumaphulo amaSlav, iKhazaria yawa. Ngoku ukufikelela kwezantsi kweVolga kwakungekho nto, kwaye ngoko ke bahlala behlala ngokukhawuleza. Ukuhlaselwa kwePechenegs kwakungeke kuphile kunye neenkoloni ezimbalwa zeSlav kwi-interference ye-Dniester kunye nePrut, kwintsimi yeMoldova yanamhlanje. I-Quasi-state emaphethelweni aseYurophu ayivalelwe kuphela ngabamelwane bawo abasondeleyo, kodwa kunye nama-katolika amaKatolika entshonalanga, kunye nabahambi baseArabhu.

Ngaphantsi kweVladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko, ukulwa phakathi kwala mabini mabutho kwavela impumelelo ehlukileyo. Ngokukodwa, kwiTrubezh ngo-993 inkosana inqobile ukunqoba, ngo-996 phantsi kweVasiliev amaSlav ayanqotshwa. UVladimir akathumeleli kuphela imikhosi kwimida yomda. Waqala ukuxhamla kwisakhiwo sokwakhiwa kwinqaba emngceleni kunye ne-steppe, ngoncedo lwezibane zendlela apho kwakunokwenzeka ukukhawuleza ukuxelela i-Kiev yengozi ezayo. Ukongezelela, imithi yadalwa, eyathintela i-steppe ukuba ihluthe iinkomo, kwaye ke yabanyanzelela ukuba baye emzantsi.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxabano zomphakathi eRashiya

Emva kokufa koMbhaptizi waseRashiya kwinqununu, ukuthoba phakathi koonyana bakhe kwaqala. Abaxumi babenza njengamagosa kulo mbambano ecaleni likaSvyatopolk, owangakhange ahlaziye kwiindlela ezingcolileyo, kubandakanya ukubulala abazalwana bakhe. Nje ngegama lomqhubi, igama elithi "Pechenegs" libonakala lifana nesimboli sokuziphatha komntu ongekho.

I-Svyatopolk yahlulwa. I-Yaroslav iNgqondi yafika ngamandla . U-Pechenegs naye wayekhathaza iRashiya ngexesha lokugqibela. Ngo-1036 bazama ukuzingqinga iKyiv engahlangwanga, kodwa bahlulwa ngumkhosi we-Grand Duke.

Ingozi yePolovtsian

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa amaninzi kumaSlav, isikhundla sePechenegs saba yingozi. Ngekhulu le-11, iRashiya yaqalisa ixesha lokubunjwa kwamagosa athile, kwaye ukungahambelani kwababathetheli kwakukho kumanxeba ngesandla. Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha i-horde entsha ibonakala empuma. Babengabantu basePolvvusi (kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo i-Kumans okanye i-Kypchaks). Bathumba abanikazi bexesha elide beLwandle oluMnyama kwiindawo zabo. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba abatyunjwa abatsha balethe ukholo lwabo - amaSilamsi - ukuya kumdala. Abanye abakhans bawamkela, abanye, ngokuchasene noko, benqaba. Iimbambano ezinjalo zazingenakunceda umanyano.

I-Polovtsi kunye nePechenegs babesondelene. Bobabini nabanye babengabantu baseTurkic. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kuthintele inzondo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwelinye lamacala. I-Polovtsi kunye nePechenegs babengalingani ngamandla, kuba kwicala elitsha kwakukho ukuzaliswa okutsha okuvela e-Asiya, kanti inyunyana yamandulo ibhekene nemfazwe rhoqo kunye nabamelwane abanamandla.

Isiphumo esilandelayo

Abantu abafudukayo bafuduka baya kwi- peninsula yaseBalkan okanye eHungary, apho bafana nabemi bendawo kwaye bayeka ukuba khona njengobunyani obuhlukile. Nangona kunjalo, oku kungowona kuphela kwimiba yombono.

Ngokweminye ingcamango, i-Pechenegs yintsimi yala maGagauzian ahlala eMoldova kwaye athiwa ngama-Orthodoxy. Ngexesha le-11 leminyaka iinkokheli zazihlangene nakweminye imithombo. Ngokomzekelo, bathatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe yaseByzantium ngokubhekiselele kwiSeljuks. Ukutshatyalaliswa kokugqibela kwenzelwe isizwe samaTurkki ngo-1091, xa ibutho elihlangeneyo lomlawuli kunye namaPolvotsi awanqoba abahlaseli kwiindonga zaseConstantinople. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwePechenegs kwagqityiwe kwaye kuphelile. Akukho mntu wakuva ngakumbi ngabo.

Nangona kunjalo, inkumbulo yabemi bee-steppe yayisaphila ixesha elide. Ngoko, sele sele sele ngo-1380, kwi- Battle of Kulikovo Field, iqhawe le-Chelusbs, owaqala imfazwe kunye nomduna wakhe, wayebizwa ngokuba ngumlobi "pechenegom".

Indlela yokuphila

Imithi ye-Steppe, njengoko kwakufuneka ilindeleke, yayibandakanyeka kakhulu kwiinkomo zokuzalisa izilwanyana kunye nokuhamba kunye nezilwanyana zazo. Intsikelelo yale nto yimiqathango yonke, ekubeni inyunyana yezinhlanga yayisendaweni enkulu. Isilungiselelo sangaphakathi sasinjalo. Kwakukho amaqela amabini amakhulu. Ookuqala wahlala phakathi kweDnieper kunye neVolga, ngelixa isibini ehamba phakathi kweRussi neBulgaria. Ngamnye kubo kwakukho imashumi engama-40. Isiko esiphakathi kwezinto ezizweni kwakuyi-Dnieper, eyahlula i-steppe ngasentshonalanga nangempuma.

Intloko yesizwe yanyulwa kwiintlanganiso eziqhelekileyo. Nangona isithethe sokubala iivoti, ooyise bazuze ilifa kakhulu ngabantwana.

Iindawo zokungcwaba

Izikhumbuzo ze-Pecheneg zimelelwe ngamangcwaba amancinci. Abafileyo bahlala bejongene nentshonalanga. Njengomthetho, umntu wangcwatywa ngehashe. Ngoko ke, kwiibhokhwe, ngaphezu kwamathambo omntu, iifarha ziyafumaneka. Unqulo olunjalo luqhelekileyo kuluntu olukhokelela kwindlela yokuphila.

Kwangcwaba kunye neentlobo zee-trophies, zithathwa njengomvuzo, okanye njengexhoba (amacici, ubucwebe kunye neengqekembe zegolide ze-Byzantine zemali). I-Pechenegs nayo ibenayo i-arsenal esongelayo. Ngoko ke, kunye namajoni angcwatywa izixhobo. Njengomthetho, le ikrele (saber).

Iingcambu zifunyenwe ikakhulu kwimimandla yase-Ukraine. E-Rashiya, iPecheneg yokungcwaba amaninzi ihlala ifumaneka kwingingqi yaseVolgograd.