I-Navigator i-Amerigo Vespucci: i-biography efutshane, ukuhamba, ukufumana

Sonke siyazi ukuba umfumbi weMerika nguChristopher Columbus, kodwa kutheni kutheni kwathiwa nge-Amerigo Vespucci? I-biografi emfutshane yalo mqhubi owaziwayo kunye nomphandi uza kusinceda sicacise into ebalulekileyo yolu mbandela. Yaye nangona uColumbus wayengowokuqala kwilizwekazi laseMerika, nguVespucci owazisa kwihlabathi lonke ukuba amazwe asandul 'ukufumanisa asemhlabeni.

Umvelaphi

Indawo yokuzalwa yakwa-Amerigo Vespucci yiFlorence, apho wazalwa ngo-Matshi 9, 1454. Uyise, owayesebenza njengonotaryari, wamnyamekela unyana ukuba athole imfundo efanelekileyo. U-Amerigo omncinci wayesekhaya kwaye wayefunda ngokubanzi abantu. Kwakhona phantsi kolawulo luka-malume wakhe, wafunda isiLatin, i-geography kunye ne-astronomy ye-nautical. Ngobutsha bakhe wangena kwiYunivesithi yasePisa, kwaye ukususela ngo-1478 waqala ukusebenza. U-Amerigo Vespucci, u- biography wakhe omfutshane akabandakanyi ukubhukuda wedwa kunye nokufumanisa, wakhonza kuqala njengobhala wenkosikazi yakhe, owayengummeli waseFlorence eParis. Kamva, umntu owaziwayo wolwandle wasebenza ngokude ngokwaneleyo kwicandelo lemali.

Ngo-1490, wathuthela eSpeyin waza waqhubeka esebenza. Lapha usebenza ekulungiseleleni ukuhamba kwamanxweme, ngokukhawuleza ukufunda yonke into malunga neenqanawa kunye nokuqonda ukuhamba. Ngo-1492, wathuthela kwinkonzo yeenqanawa ngqo eSpeyin. Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo uqhubeka nokulungiselela ulwandle, kodwa ngeli xesha uxhobisa uhambo lukaChristopher Columbus ngokwakhe, kunye nabo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, abahlobo.

Uhambo lokuqala (1499-1500).

Ngomnyaka we-1499, u-Amerigo Vespucci ngokwakhe ujoyina ihambo yomqhubi we-Alonso Ojeda eSouth Atlantic. Oko akufumanisa ngeli thuba, funda ngalokhu. I-Vespucci uqobo uhlawula iimpahla ezimbini kwiinqanawa, eziza kulandelwa emva koko, aze ahambe ngohambo njengesithuthi. Ehlotyeni kwaloo nyaka, uhambo oluneemikhumbi ezintathu lwaluza kuselunxweme olusenyakatho eMzantsi Melika, emva koko u-Amerigo Vespucci wathumela iinqanawa zakhe kwicandelo lesempuma-mpuma. NgoJulayi 2, wakwazi ukuthola i-delta yama-Amazon. Umqhubi wangena kwi-100 km ukuya kwilizwe, esebenzisa izikebhe, waza wabuya waza wahamba ngomkhumbi waya ngasempuma-mpuma.

Emva koko, i-Amerigo Vespucci yahlolisisa malunga ne-1200 km kolwandle olusenyakatho yelizwekazi, emva koko yathumela iinqanawa zakhe ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwaye ngo-Agasti yafumana iinqanawa zase-Alonso Oheda malunga ne-66 meridian of western longitude. Ngokubambisana, abahlali baselwandle baqhubeka belandela ulwalathiso lwasentshonalanga kwaye baceba ngaphezulu kwe-1,500 km yonxweme eMzantsi Melika. Kwakhona bafumene iipeninsula eziliqela, iziqithi, iindawo zokuhlala kunye namatye. Ekwindla, iVespucci kunye ne-Ojeda bahlukana kwakhona, emva koko ukuqhutyelwa phambili kokuqhutyelwa kolwandle oluphambili, ukuhamba ngomgama wama-300 km kwinqanaba lasezantsi-ntshona. Wabuyela eYurophu ngoJuni 1500.

Uhambo lwesibini (1501-1502)

Ngomnyaka we-1501, u-Amerigo Vespucci wolwandle wamenywa nguKumkani wasePortugal ukuba akhonze njenge-astronomer, umkhondo wendlela kunye nomlando-mlando. Ngomnyaka ofanayo, olunye uhambo lwaluhlelwe, olujoliswe nguGonçalo Coelho. Iinqanawa ezintathu zashiya iYurophu phakathi nango-Agasti zaza zaya kunxweme lwasempuma eMzantsi Melika.

Ngaphezu koko, abahlali baselwandle baqhubeka belandela imzantsi, baphinda indlela yeSpaniard uBortolome Roldan, abahamba ngomkhumbi nge-1500. NgoJanuwari 1, 1502, bavula i-Rio de Janeiro (ngoku i-Guanabara) kwaye, ngenjongo yokufumanisa ubungakanani balo, bahamba nge-2000 km ngaselunxwemeni, kodwa Yaye ayikwazanga ukuyifumana. Kwagqitywa isigqibo sokuguqula iinqanawa, ngaphandle kweyodwa yeenqanawa zeso sihlandlo zaye zaphazamiseka, ngenxa yendlela abahamba ngayo batshisa ngayo. Inqanawa yokuqala yafika ePortugal ngoJuni ngaloo nyaka, kwaye uVespucci noCoelho, ababesemkhombeni wesibili, babuya ngoSeptemba kuphela.

Uhambo lwesithathu (1503-1504)

Phantse kamva, iPortugal yalungiselela uhambo olutsha, apho i-Amerigo Vespucci nayo ithatha inxaxheba. I-biografi emfutshane yomgcini wolwandle kufuneka ibe neenkcazo zalolu hambo. Inhloko yeso sihlandlo yaphinda yaqeshwa kwiGonçalo Coelho, kodwa ngeli xesha iinqanawa ezithandathu zaxhotyiswa ngomkhumbi. Ngo-Agasti 1503, oomkhumbi bafumanisa isiqithi sase-Ascension phakathi kwe-Atlantic Ocean , ngasemva kweyiphi na iinqanawa eziye zanyuka, kwaye zintathu zanyamalala kwinqanaba engaziwayo ngokupheleleyo. Iinqanawa eziseleyo zahamba eMzantsi Melika zaza zayeka kwi-Bay of All Saints, apho, kwii-oda zeVespucci, iqela labahloli bamazwe ababeye bangena kumayela angama-250 ukuya kweli lizwekazi bebehamba emanxwemeni.

Apha abahambi bahlala iinyanga ezintlanu. Ngeli xesha bazakhela iinqanawa, emva koko, beshiya ama-24 angama-seamen kwilizwe lonke, uhambo luye lwabuya endleleni. Kwakhona kwinqanawa yayithunyelwa i-batch of logs kwi-sandalwood ebalulekileyo, efunyenwe kumazwe asandul 'ukufumanisa. NgoJuni 1504, abahamba ngolwandle babuyela eSpain. Kule hambo, u-Amerigo Vespucci waphela.

Indlela kwaye kutheni i-Amerika yayibizwa ngokuba yi-Amerigo Vespucci

Umhambi owaziwayo uhlola ubungakanani obukhulu becala loMzantsi Melika ukubonisa ukuba eli lizwe liphela lizwekazi. Ngomqondo othile, ngu-Amerigo Vespucci owafumanisa iMelika. Kwileta eyayithunyelwe kubo eFlorence ngo-1503, wachaza inkcazo ecacileyo yamazwe afunyenwe nguye, ebonisa ukuba azinakwenzeka nantoni yase-Asia, ekubeni ihamba ngokude ukuya ngasezantsi. Ngexesha elifanayo, uthi le mihlaba ibemi, kwaye iphinda iphakamise ukukhetha ilizwekazi elitsha livuliwe njengehlabathi elitsha.

Ngo-1507, umdwebi webalazwe uMartin Waldzemüller wamenywa ukuba abize ilizwekazi elitsha laseMelika - igama lomqhubi owaziwayo u-Amerigo Vespucci. Ukususela kweli nqanaba, eli gama livela kuzo zonke iimephu zeendawo kunye nee-atlases. Nangona ulwandle lwatyelela uMzantsi Melika kuphela, uMntla ubizwa ngokuba ngu-Amerigo Vespucci. Yintoni ayifumene? Iinkcukacha ezingakumbi malunga nale nto zingabonakala kwiileta zakhe kunye needariyari, kuqhubeka nje ukunyusa ukuba yena ngokwakhe wayengathandanga ukuthetha kakhulu ngendima yakhe ekufumaneni kwelizwekazi kwaye akuzange kube negalelo ekuthiwa igama lakhe ngokuzihlonela.

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bomlwandle

Ngo-1505 iVespucci iya kwakhona kwinkonzo kaKumkani waseSpeyin, kwaye ingekho ngaphandle koChristopher Columbus. Uyamkela ubemi beCastile kwaye ngo-1508 umiselwa umqhubi oyintloko wolawulo. Uhlala kule ndawo kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo, uthabathe inxaxheba ekuhlaleni iindwendwe ezintsha kunye nokuphupha ukuhamba. Kodwa akazange aqonde izicwangciso zakhe ze-Amerigo Vespucci. Imbali emfutshane yale ndoda iphela ngoFebruwari 22, 1512 - ngalolo suku wafa eSepville, apho ahlala khona kwiminyaka yamuva.