Imbali yomlando ka-Ivan Kalita, iNkosana yaseMoscow

U-Ivan Danilovich wazalwa malunga ne-1280, wahlala malunga neminyaka engama-60, apho wayegqwesileyo kwibala lezopolitiko, ebenamandla amakhulu namandla ngalesolo xesha. Ngenxa yobutyebi bakhe kunye noncedo oluqhubekayo, abaceli bafumana igama lomnxeba uKalita - "isikhwama semali".

Umfanekiso wesiganeko u- Ivan Kalita umchaza njengombhali obalaseleyo kwaye onobuchule, umkhosi onesibindi kunye nenkosi elungileyo. Nguye owabeka isiseko sokuphumelela komhlaba waseRussia, eqhutywa yiNtloko yaseMoscow.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala

UIvan I - umzukulu ka-Alexander Nevsky owaziwayo, unyana oncinci kaDaniel Alexandrovich, iNkosana yaseMoscow. Ngomntwana wakhe nolutsha, akukho nto iyaziwa. Ukuqala kokukhankanywa kwe-Ivan kwenziwe kwimbali yeVeliky Novgorod kwaye ibhekisela ku-1296, xa isikhulu esincinane saba ngu-rhuluneli weso sixeko.

Iminyaka emibini uyise wayimisele ukuba abe nguPereyaslavl-Zalessky. Eli xesha liyaziwa kuphela ngo-1304, uTver boyar Akinf wahlasela uPereyaslavl. U-Ivan wavikela loo mzi, ngokokuqala ngqa ememezela njengomlawuli ozukileyo. Emva kokunqoba, ukuthembela kuye kuye kwanda kakhulu.

Emva kokufa kukayise ngo-1303, unyana oyena mkhulu uYury Danilovich, owawubusa de 1325, wahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi saseMoscow. Ukudala umfanekiso wesiganeko ka-Ivan Kalita, umntu akanakunceda ukukhumbula ukuba ngexesha lolawulo lo mntakwabo wayengumhlobo wakhe othembekileyo, akazange amkhaphe okanye amangalise. U-Yuri uthembele ngokupheleleyo ku-Ivan, ngokumthumelela wamshiya umnqweno ngexesha lokungabikho kwakhe. Ubudlelwane obunjalo babengafani na maxesha apho ukufika kwamandla kuvela nge-fratricide negazi.

Imbali yomlando ka-Ivan Kalita njengeNkosana yaseMoscow

U-Yuri wenza iphutha elibulalayo xa, ngo-1321, ukuqokelela intela evela kumazwe aseRussia, endaweni yokumthatha kwi-Golden Horde khan, wafakaza, efuna ukufumana inzuzo eyongeziweyo. I-Uzbek Khan yaziswa malunga naloo nto, yavutha kakhulu kwaye yalahla umgcini weli lungelo lebhodi. Ngo-1325, u-Yuri waya kwi-horde ngesicelo sokumbuyisela iileyile ebhodini, kodwa waqhawula. I-Uzbek Khan yamisela iNkosana u-Ivan Danilovich waseMoscow.

Ukuba uneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 ubudala, u-Yuri Danilovich unene, u-Ivan ndayazi yonke imicimbi yeli nqununu. Waqala ukubusa kwakhe ngokungenakuthenjelwa-watshintsha isebe leMetropolitan Petros ukuya eMoscow , okwenza iMoscow ibe yindawo yamaziko angokomoya aseRussia. Emva kokuba i-prince ngokukhawuleza kwaye i-tootoku ijongene nabaphangi, abahlala behlasela abahwebi. Iindlela zokurhweba ezikhuselekileyo zakhawuleza zivuseleleke iimarike. Imali yavela eMoscow. Oku kubonisa umfanekiso wesiganeko ka-Ivan Kalita njengompolitiki ohlakaniphile.

Ngowe-1327, ukuvukela kwenzeka eTver, ngenxa yoko umongameli uHorde uChol Khan wabulawa. Ulaka luka-Uzbek u-Uzbek lugxotha ukuvukela, apho u-Ivan Kalita wamnceda. Ngombulelo ngokuzinikela, uKhan wamnika ilebula yokulawula uKostroma noNovogorod. U-Ivan, wasebenzisa indawo ye-Uzbek, wamcela ukuba avumele ukuba aqokele umvuzo kwilizwe lamaRashiya aze amlethe kwi-horde. UKhan wavuma, kwaye ukususela ngoko amaTatars ayengabonakali ngaphakathi kweCalita. Induna iminyaka engama-40 yaqinisekisa uxolo lwamazwe akhe.

Ngoko, ngexesha elifutshane kunokwenzeka ukuba uNkosana Ivan Kalita wenza uMuscovy isikhungo somoya sakwaRus, saqinisekisa ukuchuma kunye nokukhuseleko.

Ukhetho lwezenzo

Umfanekiso wembali u-Ivan Kalita uya kunceda ukudala i-horology yobomi bakhe:

• 1331 - unyana kaSimon otshatileyo kwinduna yaseLithuania, ngaloo ndlela wenza uxolo olunzima kunye neLithuania;
• 1336 - yahlaziya ukuhlaselwa kweLithuanian Prince Gedimin kumazwe aseNovgorod, yafumana isihloko seNkosana yaseNovgorod;
• 1338 - ukuqala kokwakhiwa kweNdlunkulu yeZiqu zintathu;
• 1340 - ukuhlasela eSmolensk, owenqaba ukuhlawula umvuzo kwi-horde, i-oak iKremlin yakhiwe ukuze ikhusele uMoscow.

Umhlaba kunye nenkqubo yenkcubeko

U-Ivan Kalita, olawulo lwakhe lubekwe uphawu lokuhlanganiswa kwezikhundla zikaMuscovy, kwongezwa ngemitshato yeentombi zakhe eBeloozero, eGalich nase-Ugliki, bathenga okanye batshintshana kwiidolophana ezingaphezu kwama-50 kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezikufutshane neKostroma, Rostov naseVladimir, ecaleni kweenxweme zaseKirizhach kunye neMsta, e-Novgorod, Kuyo yonke indawo abalawuli babo. Igunya le-Prince Moskovskiy liye landa kakhulu. Kodwa akazange akhonze oku phambi kweHorde khan, ukugcina uxolo noxolo lwamazwe aseRussia.

Ngethuba lokubusa kuka-Ivan Kalita, kwakhiwa amasonto kunye namathredhedals. Uqale wanikela umyalelo wokulandelana kwetrone, ngokugunyazwa nguwuphi ubaba kumntwana wakhe omkhulu. Oku kwafaka isandla ekuphelisweni kweemfazwe zangaphakathi.