Idemokhrasi ubomvu phantsi Pericles: nobubi

Igama elithi "idemokrasi" liguqulelwe ngokuthi "abantu power". Xa ingqiqo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kwidemokhrasi banamalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke abantu. Bayalingana phambi komthetho, indoda kwakunye nomfazi, sezopolitiko kunye ococa, izityebi namahlwempu, nomphambukeli kunye nakozalelwe kulo ilizwe.

Kumaxesha amandulo, xa ihlabathi ezendeleyo kwinkqubo ngamakhoboka, abantu abaqhelekileyo Ndinephupha ukulingana. Ke ingqikelelo "intando"-mthetho ngandlel 'ithile. Uninzi kufutshane ingqikelelo mihla kwekota besondela idemokhrasi baseAthene phantsi Pericles. Igama layo emva kweminyaka wobukumkani bakhe - The Age of Pericles.

Pericles

Pericles wazalwa kwintsapho unguwo. Unina wafika agarista ukusuka enye edumileyo eAthens zokubeleka - Alcmaeonidae, noyise, Xanthippus, umthetheli-fleet baseAthene, ngexesha leMfazwe Greco-Persian iphumelele kwemfazwe Cape Mycale.

Pericles wayelusana enempilo, zinamandla; kodwa eyinzwana kuba uhlasela intloko enkulu ukumbiza kwakunzima. Ngoko ke, zonke ngabapeyinti kunye abakroli zazibonisa umlawuli kuphela ntloko. Kwaye ngenxa yalo yokunqongophala zikwenza kubonakale ngathi wanikwa igama elithi "Lukovitsegolovy".

Ekubeni Pericles usuka kwintsapho amanene, ukuba imfundo yaye kwafuneka nootitshala baziincamisa.

imfundo Excellent noqeqesho wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi Pericles. Yena waba isithethi elungileyo kwaye isoloko inakho ukuzuza abantu. Omnye umahluko uphawu phakathi yinkokeli demo baseAthene yaba namandla kuyo nayiphi na imeko ukuba sihlale sizolile. Eyaziwa ibali, xa omnye kubemi ababengaxolanga balandela Pericles, sypya nokunyelisa, yonke indlela ekhaya, kodwa umlawuli bubulumko ukohlwaya nje umoni, kodwa wayalela umkhonzi wakhe ukuphumeza ehenyuzayo ekhayeni lakhe.

Njengoko Pericles waba yinkokeli yabantu Athene

umsebenzi wakhe yaqala amaphulo zomkhosi Pericles. Wayebaphepha imisebenzi yezopolitiko ndoyika wokugxothwa ngenxa ukufana lwangaphandle kunye ekunene ngaphambili Pisistartom esasibizwa ngokuba. elinye iqela lezopolitiko bazama ngandlela zonke beyithatha impembelelo yakhe, ngokufuthi kulolwa ingqalelo yabantu phezu ukufana yelizwi kunye nendlela sentetho Pericles ukuya uzwilakhe.

Ngenxa yokuba ngelo xesha eAthene lalingabafanelanga abezepolitiki (ofileyo, kodwa uninzi bagxothwa), Pericles kodwa kunyulwa kwizikhundla eziphezulu. idemokhrasi ubomvu phantsi Pericles sichaphazele ubomi lobuqu inkokheli, kwafuneka ukuba bashiye ingxoxo kunye nezalamane yeengcungcu kunye neentlanganiso kunye nabahlobo dumeke.

Nangona inani elikhulu yeentshaba beqela yeengcungcu, Pericles de kube sekupheleni wobukumkani bakhe, yabamba inkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo ulawulo Athens yobudala Pericles

Idemokhrasi phantsi Pericles, iingenelo neengozi, leyo ungabona ngokufunda eli nqaku de kube sekupheleni, isekhona na uhlobo apho abantu asetyenziswa ukubona namhlanje.

Nangona kunjalo, nokufika ukuba amandla Pericles eAtene abemi wabonakala amalungelo kakhulu ngakumbi. Inyathelo elimandla kwidemokhrasi yaba ukupheliswa ivitho amandla seAreyopago kunye nokudluliselwa amalungelo alo kwiNdibano yaBantu. Ke abemi eziqhelekileyo zonke iiklasi ngeqashiso kwaye ukuvota, intlanganiso, ukuthatha zonke izigqibo ezibalulekileyo. Archons - kuphela imizimba olawulo.

INdibano yesiZwe ubunjwe bonke abemi base-Atena, ngaphandle kuphela nabalimi abalayo ushiye ilifa labo ukuze babenako ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi kwezopolitiko.

Cinga iimpawu eziphambili idemokhrasi baseAthene phantsi Pericles, uAristotle waphawula.

Ukunyulwa kwamagosa

Amagosa ngonyaka kukhethwa ngabantu kwintlanganiso jikelele. Tips, nekufuneka ibandakanye zonke phyla, zikhethwa ngamaqashiso. Fila nganye kuzisa abaviwa mahlanu, omnye phyla kwi pritanov emiselweyo ngendlela efanayo. Mfuleni ukhethe indawo apho ntlanganiso iya kuba intlanganiso, ilungise uludwe lwemibuzo yonke imihla zithathwa kwintlanganiso kwebhodi, naye ifihla ukhethe abantu abaza kuba noxanduva emfazweni kunye nabammeli eli lizwe. Pritanov sahluko sichaza draw ekhethiwe ufikelelo wokulondoloza imali, onke amaxwebhu karhulumente kunye noshicilelo.

Mfuleni kuqesha nje iintlanganiso ezine, naphezu kwembutho engundoqo lukhangelwe semthethweni koogunyaziwe abanyulwa, ukhuseleko kuxoxwa ngazo ukutya kunye noqoqosho. Ngomhla Elesibini lihlolisisa ezikhalazo kunye kumangala. Indibano kazwelonke yesithathu neyesine kufuneka iqwalasele nezinye iinkalo zobomi yesizwe.

IBhunga ivuma archons kunye nezinye iinkokheli zezopolitiko, ekhethiweyo yi yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe.

idemokhrasi ubomvu phantsi Pericles, lisaqhubeka

Namajaji iyafumaneka kubantu abaqhelekileyo, nto leyo usoloko ekhona kule geliastov sokugweba.

Ukuthetha ngendlela rabovladelchiskaya idemokhrasi iphuhlisiwe phantsi Pericles, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba amandla kwicala emxinwa enjalo, njengoko lentendelezo yahlulwa phakathi inani elikhulu labantu.

Ngokuqinisekileyo wonke ummi baseAthene unelungelo yokummangalela sezopolitiko abanganyanisekanga, owabonakala phambi iNkundla yaMatyala yaBantu. Emva kokuqwalasela lo mzekelo, ukuba izityholo iqinisekiswa, a laseburhulumenteni kufuneka lisuswe e-ofisini, yaye mhlawumbi lemithombo, kwaye impahla yakhe kuthengiswa kwifandesi.

Ukususela series ezithandwayo abanyulwa archons, ukuba siphathwe izikhalazo nendlu (umzekelo, ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana, hayi ukuba abazali) kunye nezikhalazo malunga namanani oluntu. Xa u bazoba archons ezisithoba ijaji kunyulwa.

Olu lwaphulo-mthetho kakhulu, olufana nobugebenga, ukwenzakala esibuhlungu njl, zaqwalaselwa eAriyopago, apho, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ziyafikeleleka rhoqo inxalenye abemi, leyo kunciphisa kakhulu ithuba abamangalelwa ukunyoba abagwebi.

Isisekelo yenkululeko baseAthene phantsi Pericles - kolawulo kwingingqi nganye inkqubo karhulumente phakathi inani elikhulu ngabemi ukwabelana.

nkqubo Social kule age of Pericles

Nangona ubandakanyeka kwabo asebukhosini, Pericles wazama ngandlela zonke ukwenza ubomi lula ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngokuthi unike umthetho ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi kwezopolitiko ubambe eziphezulu abantu kuphela kwiintsapho zizityebi, kodwa abemi oluphakathi kunye neeklasi amahlwempu, inkokeli demo baseAthene ukuqonda ukuba rhoqo sizixhalabise ngemeko yabo yemali, abantu abaqhelekileyo ayikwazi anyaniseke yaye kwande inxaxheba kurhulumente. Ngoko ke, abemi ababambe izikhundla kwinkalo kwezopolitiko, kwagqitywa ekubeni kwenziwe intlawulo esuka kaNondyebo kaRhulumente.

Kwakhona idemokhrasi ubomvu phantsi Pericles wayebonisa entlalweni kungcolisa neenkedama. Abemi elisezantsi imali-ukufumana intlawulo yokuthenga namatikiti okuya yemiboniso, wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni sengqondo sabantu.

Ukuqinisekisa ilizwe Athene kunye nomsebenzi

ukuqonda intloko kwezilumko zonke demo baseAthene ukuba intlalo-ntle yabantu kuyimfuneko ukuphucula kuphela uncedo-mali zentlalo, kodwa ikwabonelela imisebenzi kubemi simahla baseAthene. Pericles ngonyaka ukubeka phambili iiprojekthi ezinkulu-isikali izakhiwo kunye neminye imisebenzi, enika indawo amagcisa ezahlukeneyo. Ngale ndlela, Athens iba iziko yenkcubeko, edume izakhiwo zayo ezintle ngqiqweni.

Nyaka ngamnye, ofakelwe amathandathu-enamanqanaba, kwi iinqwelwana nenokuthi abhale naliphi baseAthene kwaye ufumane imali yenkonzo.

Ukwandisa imida zaseAttica, kwagqitywa ewamisela kummandla angamalungu le manyano-cleruchy zokuhlala baseAthene, apho nawuphi na ummi Athens akwazi ukufumana isiqwenga somhlaba ukuze iqwalaselwe.

Njengayo nayiphi na inkqubo, idemokhrasi phantsi Pericles waba pluses kunye minuses.

Phakathi iintsilelo wobukumkani bakhe, ababhali-mbali uqaphele ukuba abemi kuphela ezo baseAthene abanabazali bobabini babe ngabemi Athene.

Kwaye ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi yezopolitiko amalungelo lesizwe lababhinqileyo bengazange.

Slaveholding idemokhrasi phantsi Pericles (short)

Ethetha kwedemokhrasi ngelo xesha, kungaba okungalungile ngoyaba umbuzo lobukhoboka eAthens.

Isiqingatha sabantu Athens chetyrehsottysyachnogo yaba ngamakhoboka. Amaninzi unconsenting baba amabanjwa emfazwe, ngubani babengakwazi ukwenza ngenxa abe yintlawulelo yokukhulula. status ikhoboka ilifa, ngoko umntwana ozelwe ikhoboka, lalingayi isiphelo ngokufanayo nabazali babo.

Iimpawu ze idemokhrasi phantsi Pericles zibonakale nkqu ngamakhoboka. Iinginginya ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela kakubi amakhoboka zabo. kwafuneka wondla lo khoboka kwaye banxibe ngaphezu Athene of abahluphekileyo. Bavunyelwa ukuba nenxaxheba kwiiholide ezahlukahlukeneyo zonqulo, ukunika ingqinisekiso ngokuchasene unya abagwebi nabezopolitiko. Kwimeko amakhoboka gadalala bamnika indawo yokhuseleko.

Engcolileyo, ikhaya kunye umsebenzi onzima owenziwe ngamakhoboka. Ngenxa kwemvume abanini yamakhoboka baqesha ngurhulumente ukwenzela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo. Ikhoboka ke kunyanzelekile ukuba umvuzo wakhe ukuya kumnini.

Umsebenzi onzima amabanjwa emigodini vule lwentando rabovladelchiskaya baseAthene phantsi Pericles, imbali ezi iingozi nesi- want.

Xa Pericles ubukhoboka ityala kwapheliswa, ukuze uyise ukuba athengise ebukhobokeni iintombi zakhe kuphela xa incrimination ebomini yabo; eya kunyeliswa.

Isiphelo wokulawula Pericles

Pericles wakhetha zephephandaba iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ni vuyelo lebyinene eka karhulumente idemokhrasi baseAthene phantsi Pericles, iziganeko kwexesha, enxulumene imfazwe Sparta, kubukela kakhulu igunya lokulwa osisigxina. Kwaye ke abantu, ndizilibala iinzuzo ukuba kuye kwaziswa kurhulumente, emva uthotho yeentsilelo zomkhosi kunye isibetho eAtene of Pericles tyala bonke yokusilela zokuxhaphaza kanye wagwetywa ifayini enzima. Kungekudala Pericles wagula kunye isibetho waza wafa.