Iimpawu umazibuthe kunye namandla zibuthe

Nale ndaba, olufana nemagnethi, bonke kudala ibihlaba. Asazi kubona kuyo nantoni na ekhethekileyo. We iyihlanganise kunye nesifundo physics yesiqhelo okanye umboniso iimpawu amaqhinga umazibuthe for eyodwa. Yaye akakho umntu ocinga iimagnethi singqongwe kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kuzo zonke indlu kukho inqwaba. isixhobo Magnet kwisimo ngasinye isithethi, itheyiphu, shavers zombane, iiyure. Nkqu iibhanki ngezikhonkwane ayikho.

Kodwa?

Thina - abantu - hayi ngaphandle. Ngenxa kwenzeka Biotok umzimba abasingqongileyo kukho indlela engabonakaliyo imigca yayo entsimini. umazibuthe Huge na uMhlaba. A wanda - plasma ibhola kwelanga. Akukwazi ingqondo yomntu ubukhulu iminyele kunye mafu abafane bayavuma ingcamango yokuba yonke le nto - nayo iimagnethi.

inzululwazi yanamhlanje ifuna zokudalwa umazibuthe entsha enkulu kunye super-enamandla, isicelo ezo ezinxulumene Fusion zenyukliya, isizukulwana kwamandla yombane, kukukhawuleziswa kutyalo-synchrotrons icala amasuntswana, ephakamisa kwiinqanawa ezazikayo. Yenza intsimi superstrong usebenzisa iimpawu kazibuthe kwimagnethi - enye yeengxaki physics mihla.

ukucacisa imbono

Imagnethi yomhlaba i amandla osebenza ngentlawulo ukuba umzimba, sele eshukumayo. It is "ayisebenzi" izinto ezisisigxina (nokuba akanayo kwentlawulo) kwaye isebenza uhlobo yentsimi magnetic, apho ikhona ingqiqo jikelele ngakumbi.

Ukuba umzimba ukwazi ukudala ngeenxa ngokwayo imagnethi ngokwabo kwaye uzive amandla ifuthe layo, zibizwa ngokuba iimagnethi. Oko kukuthi, izinto data - ukuba magnetized (ilifa mzuzu ahambelanayo).

izinto ezahlukeneyo basabela ngokwahlukileyo ukuya entsimini lwangaphandle. Buthathaka ukusebenza kwayo ngaphakathi ekuthiwa paramagnetic, nokubethelela - diamagnetic. izinto ezithile isakhono ukugxininisa kaliwaka lo mhlaba otsalayo lwangaphandle. Oku - materials ferromagnetic (ayibe, nickel, intsimbi, gadolinium, kunye aluminium kunye nemixube of wathi isinyithi). Abo yawa phantsi kweempembelelo amasimi enamandla lwangaphandle ngokwabo ukufumana iipropati owahluke ngokwemvelo, nezaziwa magnetically. Okunye, ekwaziyo nozenza umazibuthe phantsi kwempembelelo ngqo asendle, wadamba ukuba abe umkakhe - magnetically.

Incinane nje kwimbali

Study iipropati umazibuthe esisigxina yabantu ndalala, ixesha kakhulu elide kakhulu. Khankanya kubo iincwadi zabaphengululi of Greece yamandulo nangoku 600 iminyaka ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Natural (of imvelaphi zendalo) uyakwazi ukubona iimagnethi xa nsimbi ngemagnethi. Eyona edume umazibuthe ezinkulu zemvelo zigcinwa University of Tartu. Oko: Umlinganiseli eekhilogremu 13 ubunzima ezinokuthi waphakamisa ngoncedo lwakhe - 40 kg.

Uluntu uye wafunda ukudala iimagnethi ngumntu, esebenzisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo ferromagnetic. Ixabiso umgubo (ayibe, intsimbi, njalo njalo. P.) Ingaba ubuchule ukubamba ezinobunzima ngaphezu amaxesha 5000 ubunzima bayo. Kwiimeko Artificial kunokuba rhoqo (ifunyenwe izinto ngemagnethi) okanye abasebenza ukuba engundoqo eziphathekayo ogama - zentsimbi ethambileyo. ifildi ombane apho kuvela ngenxa wawo ukuya kuvala ingxingwa yangoku yombane ngokusebenzisa engathi leyo bayingqonga engundoqo.

Incwadi yokuqala ezinkulu equlathe iinzame ukuze uphande iimpawu umazibuthe - umsebenzi London ugqirha Hilbert, yakhululwa ngo-1600. Lo msebenzi iqulethe wokuhlangana idata ekhoyo ngexesha ngokuphathelele ubutsalane kunye nombane, kwakunye imifuniselo yombhali.

Nawuphi na umntu ngezenzeko ekhoyo uzama ukumelana ebomini practical. Kakade ke, kwimagnethi asinto umnyinyiva.

Indlela yokusebenzisa iimagnethi

Zeziphi iimpawu umazibuthe abantu lamkele? Scope ngayo ubanzi ukuze sikwazi ukuyiphatha main ngokufutshane kuphela, izixhobo ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle kunye izicelo le into emangalisayo na.

Compass yonke kakuhle eyaziwa isixhobo yokuqingqa iindawo zomhlaba. Enkosi kuye, kwacaba indlela moya, iinqanawa, zokuhamba, ehamba iinjongo. Le mishini ingase ngemagnethi (yokudayala uhlobo) ezisetyenziswa yi abakhenkethi kunye abahloli okanye non-magnetic (oonomathotholo gidrokompasy).

I ngekompas zokuqala ukusuka iimagnethi zendalo ezenziwa ngenkulungwane XI kwaye yayisetyenziselwa navigation. Bona ngokusekelwe isenzo zabo ukujikeleza simahla kwi-moya tyaba yenaliti elide ngento nosiba, a elungelelanisiweyo esqwini. Enye isiphelo isoloko ijongene ezantsi, elinye - ukuya emntla. Le ndlela ungasoloko ubone indlela engundoqo ngokuphathelele iimpawu.

Ezona ndawo ziphambili

Iindawo apho iipropati umazibuthe ifumene ukusetyenziswa ezinkulu - koonomathotholo kunye zombane, lezixhobo, Zenzekelayo kunye Control Remote. Ngezinto ferromagnetic ukuba baphinde magnetic, njalo njalo. N. Ngowe-1820 kwafunyaniswa impahla umqhubi kunye nomsebenzi zangoku kwi utolo kwimagnethi, atsho ukuba uvule. Ngelo xesha, ukuba wenza Enye into - iperi ababhexeshi parallel apho uhamba khona kwicala elinye, babe impahla yomtsalane efanayo.

Ngenxa yale vekeleke senziwa ngenxa iimpawu umazibuthe. Onke la zenzeka ngenxa imisinga, kuquka ajikeleza ngaphakathi izinto ngemagnethi. iingcamango yanamhlanje nesayensi efana nale vekeleke xona.

Iinjini neejenereyitha

Ngokusekelwe kulo wadala iintlobo ezininzi iinjini zombane kunye neejenereyitha, ngamanye uhlobo oomatshini rotary, ogama umsebenzi isekelwe kwinguqu lwamandla ngoomatshini zibe amandla ombane (sithetha ngayo umbane) okanye lombane zibe mechanical (engines). Nawuphi na wenkunkuma isebenza kumgaqo yoqheliso magnetic, okt i-EMF (amandla electromotive) yenzeka kwi ngocingo, nto leyo ihamba entsimini ngemagnethi. Injini esebenza isekelwe phezu mba ingenzeka ngamandla kwi ngocingo kunye lwangoku, ibekwe endle ezinqamlezayo.

Ukusebenzisa amandla yentsebenziswano ndawonye nentsimi yangoku bekuza ngokusebenzisa engathi nxalenye ihamba asebenza izixhobo ekubhekiswa magnetoelectric. Njengoko motor ukuba engathi ezintsha enamandla ifildi-current ezimbini izenzo imitha amandla induction. Ifunyanwa phakathi conductive drive kwemicimbi phandle kwindawo torque ujikelezo, loo mandla ngokomlinganiselo ukusetyenziswa yamandla.

Kwaye kubomi bemihla ngemihla?

Mayixhotyiswe ibhetri elincinane iiwotshi zombane bayazazi zonke. isixhobo yabo ngokusebenzisa iperi iimagnethi, iperi inductors kunye transistor kulula kakhulu kwinani lezinto ezikhoyo ngaphezu koko iwashi mechanical.

Ngakumbi nangakumbi ukusetyenziswa esenziwa lohlobo magnetic okanye izitshixo Izitshixo cylinder leyo banikwe izinto ngemagnethi. Banjengeziko isitshixo kwaye kuvalwa iseti ikhowudi feature. Xa lesitofu kakuhle lock isitshixo echanekileyo semo umdla amacandelo zangaphakathi iqhaga nosiba likuvumela ukuba uzivulu kuyo.

Ngokusekelwe yintshukumo isixhobo umazibuthe kunye dynamometers galvanometer (uvakalelo oluphezulu sefowuni ngawo ilinganiswa kwemisinga buthathaka). Iimpawu umazibuthe ezithe zasetyenziswa ekuvelisweni abrasives. Ngoko ke, amasuntswana ezibukhali ezincinane kakhulu okuqinileyo, eziyimfuneko ukuze machining (besila, ipolishi, bamhluba), iintlobo zezinto kunye nezinto. Ekuvelisweni ofunekayo kwi ferrosilicon umxube inxenye luhlala phezu emazantsi eziko ngokuyinxenye okulungiswe kuqamba esirhabaxa. Ukuze uyisuse apho, yaye umazibuthe ziyafuneka.

Science and communication

Ngenxa iimpawu kazibuthe izinto inzululwazi ukufunda isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo imizimba. I Sinokuchaza kuphela magnetochemistry okanye obubangela magnetic (siphene Ubhaqo indlela ngokuhlalutya endle iimveliso ubugqwetha sibubona kwiindawo ezithile).

Yaye zisebenza ukuba imveliso ubuchule frequency omsindo uluhlu, uqhagamshelo iinkqubo zerediyo (zomkhosi imigca zorhwebo), ngexesha unyango ubushushu njengoko ekhaya, kunye nemveliso kushishino ukutya (zonke iimayikhroweyivi aqhelekileyo). Kuyinto kungenakwenzeka kwinqaku omnye udwelise zonke izixhobo entsonkothileyo zobugcisa kunye izicelo, ezisetyenziswa mihla iimpawu kazibuthe izinto.

sphere medical

I kwakungekho ngaphandle kwaye umda uxilongo kunye nonyango lwamayeza. Ngenxa X-ray radiation esivelisa electron yomgama accelerators eyenziwa unyango ithumba, xa cyclotrons kunye synchrotrons eyenziwe imiqadi Proton alungileyo phezu-x-reyi kule yokuqhelaniswa zasekuhlaleni kunye nokwanda ngempumelelo kwi unyango lweliso nobuchopho nangezilonda.

Ngokubhekiselele isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, oko kuxhomekeke phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela imisebenzi yobomi umzimba banganxulumaniyo kubukho zemagneti. uncwadi Scientific Kunqabile kwakhona iingxelo manqapha omnye okanye enye yeziphumo zabo zempilo. Kodwa ke, ekubeni gqira kwadilika ahlayo ncwadi phezu ngokobugcisa kwimagnethi.

Ngoko nangoku

Noko ke, ukuzama ukunyanga abantu aba yi kweyezazi kwinkulungwane XVI. It bhalisa iinzame ezininzi ezibe yimpumelelo ukunyanga bamazinyo, ukuphazamiseka luvo, efuna, yaye ezininzi iingxaki nezibilini. Kubonakala ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo magnesium amayeza ufumene akukho ndlela kamva kunokuba navigation.

I-ekhulwini kwisiqingatha zokugqibela ezisetyenziswa izacholo owahluke ngokwemvelo, ethandwayo phakathi izigulane kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi kakuhle. Izazinzulu ziye ayekholelwa ngokuzimisela ukukwazi ukwandisa kweelana kwimagnethi komzimba womntu. Kusetyenziswa izixhobo kagesi baye bafunda ukuba umlinganiselo isantya yokumpompoza kwegazi, okanye ukuthatha iisampuli amayeza ezilawulwa njengezingxobo ezinqwenelekayo.

Magnet kususwa labanjwa emehlweni amasuntswana entle metal. isenzo yalo isekelwe phezu elektrodatchikov emsebenzini (naziphi na bethu baqhelene electrocardiogram inkqubo). Kule mihla zesayensi Intsebenziswano zebhayoloji ukuba bafunde iindlela ezikwiingcambu sesichengeni yabantu zemagneti iya isiba kufutshane yaye kuyimfuneko ngakumbi.

Neodymium umazibuthe: iimpawu kunye nezicelo

iimagnethi Neodymium zithathwa ukuba abe negalelo elikhulu kwimpilo yabantu. Ziqulethe neodymium, zentsimbi kunye boron. Le khemikhali formula - NdFeB. Inzuzo ephambili nemagnethi enjalo kuthathwa ukuba ibe nempembelelo enamandla kwentsimi yakhe ngemali encinci. Ngenxa yoko, amandla ubunzima umazibuthe 200 1 GAUSS c. Xa kuthelekiswa, lingana wakhe umazibuthe ngamandla nsimbi ubunzima ngaphezu amaxesha malunga-10.

Enye inzuzo ukuqina of uthe iimagnethi - ukomelela elungileyo kwaye ikuvumela ukuba uqwalasele iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo kangangamakhulu eminyaka. Kuba kwekhulu le umazibuthe ulahlekelwa iipropati yayo yi% 1 kuphela.

Abasetyhini baphethwe njani kanye umazibuthe neodymium?

Ngoncedo yayo nokujikeleza kwegazi, lo xi yazinza, ndizama migraine.

Iimpawu iimagnethi neodymium waqalisa ukusetyenziswa ukunyanga kwiminyaka emalunga nama-2,000 eyadlulayo. Ukuphawulwa yale fomu unyango ifumaneka ngqangi of China yamandulo. Ke baphathwe ngokusebenzisa i amatye magnetized umzimba womntu.

Therapy yayikhona ngohlobo lokunithumelela ukuba umzimba. Legend ubanga ukuba impilo Obusemagqabini ubuhle ethereal ka Cleopatra kwafuneka yokonakala rhoqo phezu kwentloko iqhiya ngemagnethi. Xa oosonzululwazi Ngenkulungwane X wasePersi iinkcukacha ezichazwe yingenelo iipropati umazibuthe iziphumo neodymium emzimbeni womntu kwimeko ngokupheliswa nangokurhala, izihlunu spasm. Ubungqina ukusinda elo xesha ukuze kugwetywa isicelo kwabo ukwandisa amandla imisipha, amandla amathambo nokunciphisa iintlungu kwamalunga.

Zonke izifo ...

Ubungqina ukusebenza sesichengeni ezinjalo ziye zapapashwa ngowe-1530 yi-odumileyo ugqirha Paracelsus evela eSwitzerland. Kwiincwadi zakhe, ugqirha wachaza iimpawu imilingo le umazibuthe ukuba kungenzeka ukuba sishukumisa umzimba wakhe self-impiliso netyala. A iintlobo zezifo ngaloo mihla bemgxeka ngokusebenzisa umazibuthe.

Egqugqisileyo self-amayeza eUnited States ngoncedo esi sixhobo kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe (1861-1865) xa imithi ngokucacile akwanelanga. Kwaye sasidla njengendawo amayeza kwaye zokuphelisa iintlungu.

Ukususela ngenkulungwane XX kunye elapha kweli umazibuthe wafumana isizathu yenzululwazi. Ngowe-1976, Japanese deficiency ugqirha Nikagavoy ingqiqo syndrome Imagnethi yomhlaba iye yaziswa. Uphando iseke iimpawu zayo ngqo. Ziqulethe yobuthathaka, ukudinwa, kunciphise ukusebenza, kunye nenkqubo zokulala. Kwakhona, kukho uqaqanjelwa, iintlungu edibeneyo spinal, iingxaki wokugaya kunye neenkqubo sentliziyo njengoko hypotension okanye lwegazi. Njengoko kuba syndrome kunye izifo nococeko, kunye notshintsho isikhumba. Ukusetyenziswa karhulumente data magnetic kakhulu baphumelela bunjani.

Inzululwazi ningemi

Izazinzulu bayaqhubeka ukuba zizame kunye namasimi ngemagnethi. Amalinge lwenziwa zombini kwizilwanyana, neentaka, kwakunye ntsholongwane. Imiqathango Wanciphisa sibubona kunciphisa impumelelo kweenkqubo pathways kwi intaka zovavanyo, iimpuku, iintsholongwane bayeka zande ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yokunqongophala ixesha elide kwamabala eziphilayo enziwe iinguqu vuhlayiseki.

Kubalulekile ukuba alwe zonke ezi nokuhlalisana unobangela neziphumo ezibi abaninzi isicelo unyango ngemagnethi ezinjalo. Kubonakala ukuba eli xesha lakalokunje zonke iipropati abangabaxhamli iimagnethi engazanga kufundwe a ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo. Phambi koogqirha eninzi obafunyanwa umdla kunye nophuhliso olutsha.