Iimpawu yesimbo yenzululwazi kwisicatshulwa. Ezona mpawu ziphambili yesimbo lwenzululwazi intetho

In mihla Russian wagqiba ukwabela izimbo ezintlanu ezisisiseko zentetho. Ngamnye kubo luphawulwa amacandelo athile zabemi kunye neendidi lobuntatheli. Eyona kunzima kakhulu ukuba baqonde kucingwa ukuba indlela yenzululwazi zentetho. Isizathu soku kukuba inani elikhulu inclusions kwisicatshulwa amagama ezizodwa.

imiba ngokubanzi

ulwimi Scientific yindlela yonxibelelwano ekufundiseni, uphando kunye nomsebenzi professional kwanabacazululi. Nale style of ekubhaleni izicatshulwa kubomi benene ngenxa yezizathu okanye omnye ubuso wonke umntu ngaphandle kokukhetha. Abantu abaninzi olwamkele ngakumbi ulwimi lwenzululwazi ngomlomo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wabongamela imithetho yale style yenye yeendima ezibalulekileyo inkcubeko Russian. intetho Scientific lidla athethwa ulwimi zoncwadi (bookish). Isizathu oku kokuqondwa kunye sokubhala njengoko umlinganiswa monological, umnqweno bunjani isigama, ndicinga ingxelo nganye kwaye uluhlu ngokungqongqo ngendlela yokuthetha.

Imbali elivela kuzo isimbo

intetho Scientific wabonakala ngenxa luphuhliso olukhawulezayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo yolwazi kwiindawo ezintsha elimxinwa-profile ubomi. Ekuqaleni, lo isimbo le ntetho unako kuthelekiswa nezi ziqhelekileyo esibalisayo yokuluka. Nangona kunjalo, kwisithuba Alesandire ulwimi lwenzululwazi ebegqwese wahluliwe uncwadi. Ngaloo mihla, amaGrike wayedla isigama ekhethekileyo ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo nje akwazi ukuthatha kakuhle. Kwakhona ngethuba leli xesha baqala ukubona iimpawu style zenzululwazi.

isigama Initial ezikhethekileyo kuphela Latin. Noko ke, izazinzulu evela ehlabathini lonke baye baqalisa ukuguqulela ibe ngeelwimi zabo. Noko ke, indlela ngamazwe ukudluliselwa kolwazi yenzululwazi kunye nokuba Latin uhlala unanamhla. Ngexesha Renaissance, oonjingalwazi abaninzi bazama ukuchaneka okuza kuphela ngokukhawuleza ngayo ekubhaleni iitekisi ukuya inyathelo iphezulu kude izinto zobugcisa ezingumboniso, njengoko lemfundo imvakalelo ichasene izimiso imaphu ubhalo yezinto.

"Liberation" style lwezenzululwazi kade. Umzekelo i namazwi elimsulwa ka Descartes kwi imisebenzi uGalileo, ukuba Kwisicatshulwa fictionalized kakhulu. Le mbono kwabelwana yi Kepler, ucinga ukuba yamachiza Italian ngokungeyomfuneko kaninzi asebenzise nenkcazelo bezobugcisa ngokwesimo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umzekelo kwesimbo yaba umsebenzi Newton. ulwimi lwenzululwazi Russian baqalisa ukuba imilo kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. Ngeli xesha, ababhali iimpapasho ezizodwa kunye abaguquleli waqala ukudala isigama yayo. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-18, uMikhail Lomonosov kunye nabalandeli bakhe yabangela ukuba ukuyilwa isimbo zenzululwazi. ngabafundisi abaninzi ndakhutshwa imisebenzi Scientist Russian, kodwa ekugqibeleni isigama leyo agobe kunye kuphela kwenkulungwane ye-19.

Types of style zenzululwazi

Okwangoku, kukho 2 wokuhlelwa: zomthonyama landiswa. Ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje, ulwimi Russian iintlobo 4 style zenzululwazi. Ngamnye kubo awohluke zalo kunye neemfuno.

Ulwahlulo lwemveli:

1. umbhalo ethandwayo inzululwazi. ekujoliswe lakhe abaphulaphuli ukuba akanayo izakhono ezizodwa kunye nolwazi kwindawo ethile. umbhalo isayensi Popular ugcina uninzi imiqathango kunye nokucaca ezingumboniso, kodwa ubhalo lwakhe lula kakhulu ukuba umbono. Kwakhona kule isimbo ngayo uvumelekile ukuba asebenzise ifomu ngokweemvakalelo novakalelo zentetho. Injongo yalo ukuqhelanisa uluntu ngokubanzi kunye kwezinye izinto ezinzulu. Akumangalisi ekupheleni-1980 kwabakho zenyathi isimbo - okubhaliweyo yenzululwazi kunye noncwadi. It Banciphisa ukusetyenziswa amagama obugcisa kunye amanani, kunye nobukho wabo inkcazelo ethe vetshe.

Kuba style yobunzululwazi luphawulwa mpawu zilandelayo: uthelekiso kunye izinto zemihla ngemihla, lula ukufunda kunye ukumamela, elula, ibali iziganeko zabucala ngaphandle zokuhlela kunye ngokutsha jikelele. Ukwenziwa kwalo hlobo badla esishicilelwe iincwadi, iimagazini, iintyilalwazi zabantwana.

2. Educational kunye nombhalo zenzululwazi. Lowo uthunyelwe ezi imisebenzi enjalo ke abafundi. Injongo yomyalezo - simazi izibakala eziyimfuneko ukuze kwimbono kukho izinto ezithile. Ulwazi lunikezelwa ngendlela ngokubanzi kunye imizekelo ivamile. Olu uhlobo ezendeleyo ukusetyenziswa kwesigama yobungcali, yokuhlela engqongqo kunye olumtyibilizi ukusuka kuphando ukuya kwiimeko ezithile. Imisebenzi epapashwe kwiincwadi kunye iimanyuwali. 3. umbhalo ngokucophelela zenzululwazi. Nazi lowo uthunyelwe ezi yesakhono kwi ngobugcisa izifundiswa. Injongo ukuchaza izibakala ezithile, ezeza nemithetho. style Scientific, imizekelo apho zifumaneka kwi ithisisi, iingxelo kunye nophononongo, ivumela kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwesigama, kodwa izigqibo bezemotsionalnye lobuqu.

4. umbhalo ngezobugcisa kunye yezenzululwazi. Imisebenzi yalo hlobo eengcali idilesi style iprofayile emxinwa. Injongo ukusebenzisa ulwazi kunye impumelelo practice.

In ulwahlulohlulo eyandisiweyo, ukongeza kwi iintlobo ikhankanywe ngasentla, ikwaquka izicatshulwa informativno- kunye reference yezenzululwazi.

Imithetho style zenzululwazi

Ukwahluka yeentlobo zolwimi isekelwe phezu iimpawu ngokubanzi yeelwimi umsebenzi intetho, libonakaliswa kungakhathaliseki mmandla (elinikelayo, ngqo, zendalo) kunye uhlobo umahluko.

Ububanzi style unxibelelwano lwezenzululwazi eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukuba injongo yalo ibinzana ayintsonkothanga ubhalo nasengcamangweni. Ifom ephambili ulwimi ngaba iingcamango, nokuqiqa, iingxelo enamandla ukuba kuvela ngokulandelelana. intetho Scientific kufuneka kusoloko uya kuzaliswa kwiimpikiswano eyayiza podcherchivali ukucinga. Zonke izigwebo zisekelwe phezu kuyondelelaniswe kunye nohlahlelo lwazi olukhoyo.

Iimpawu ze zokufomata yenzululwazi kuthatha uhlobo atsalwe kunye ngokubanzi. Common iimpawu zentetho extralinguistic kunye mihlaba yile ilandelayo:

1. Ukutsalwa kunye gabalala-ntetho. Phantse wonke gama libhekisela nasiphi na isigqibo okanye into abstract. Kule izangqa emxinwa ibe weva into enje njengohlobo ngokubanzi lwezenzululwazi. Imizekelo iimpawu zayo lolwahlulo: i kwayo kwi okubhaliweyo lwezibizo, ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo eqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa lesenzi ezisikelwe namabinzana design kwisixando sokwenziwa.
2. Ukuzinza-ntetho. Zonke iingxelo ezisekelwe ngokufanayo kwaye ayintsokothanga, izibakala ezinxulumene. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa kwezivakalisi ezizodwa kunye neendlela ezithile zokunxibelelana.
3. Ukuchaneka ntetho. Lo mhlaba indlela yenzululwazi zentetho kuyafikelelwa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa rhoqo ngayo amagama, amabinzana nangokungenamathandabuzo isigama namagama iqondakale.
4. Ubungqina ntetho. impikiswano nganye kufuneka sixhaswe iingxoxo ezifanelekileyo. Ukwanda ntetho. Ingxelo umthwalo zesemantiki exhausts intsimi Okhethiweyo kwinzululwazi.
5. Le Ukwenza le ntetho. Ukungabikho yemboniselo lobuqu transfer intsingiselo yetekisi. Zonke iingxelo swi isihloko sengxelo aze azuze ifomu awungomntu zentetho.

iimpawu zolwimi

style Scientific ifumana ngokucacisa intetho yayo kokungqinelana units ezithile. iimpawu zakhe ulwimi kunokuba kubakho iintlobo ezintathu:

1. units lungelelanisa. Ukumisela okubhaliweyo imibala esebenza okuloba. Bona luphawulwa iintlobo ezithile morphological nezakhiwo syntactic.
2. ubunye okuloba. Lijongene ngenxa yokungayi itekisi umthwalo esebenza. Ngenxa yoko, le nto ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubukho babo kangakanani kule ngxelo. Ngokwahlukeneyo iiyunithi eziphawulwe zifumaneka uhlobo iifom morphological. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba bafumane izakhiwo syntactical.
3. unit Mezhstilevaya. Nezaziwa izinto zolwimi cala. Zisetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zentetho. Ze nime nizinze kuloo nxalenye inkulu kwisicatshulwa.

style Scientific and neempawu

Yonke imilo kunye nefomu yokuthetha iipropati yayo umboniso wakho. Ezona mpawu ziphambili style lwezenzululwazi: lungelelanisa, aweelwimi kunye syntactic.

Ezona mpawu Uhlobo lokuqala zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa phraseology ezizodwa kunye nesigama. iimpawu lungelelanisa yesimbo lwenzululwazi zentetho zifumaneka ngokufuthi amagama ezinexabiso ethile. Imizekelo i "umzimba" - gama ukusuka physics "acid" - of chemistry, njl Kwakhona, ezi mpawu ezendeleyo generalising ukusetyenziswa amagama afana "ngokuqhelekileyo", "ngokuqhelekileyo", "rhoqo". Ekhululekile kunye Lexicon Indies walidla akufanele. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ibinzana-ayiyontetho yemihla ngemihla amanani ezahlukeneyo kunye nabalinganiswa. Kulo mzekelo, mayiqulathe iilinki imithombo yolwazi. Kubalulekile ukuba wawuzaliswe ngamazwi ngamazwe. Le ngxelo iya evela wesithathu ngaphandle lixhaphakile ntonye. iimpawu lungelelanisa yesimbo lwezenzululwazi - 6 iklasi uqeqesho kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kufuneka kwenziwe ukuze phandle ngolwimi ethandwayo. Uzkoprofilnye Isigama akuxhaphakanga. iimpawu kweelwimi isimbo lwenzululwazi okubhaliweyo kufuneka athobele imiqathango efana iinxa zonke, unemotional. Kubalulekile ukuba bonke zamabinzana iingqiqo ukuba ingacaci.

iimpawu Syntactic yesimbo zenzululwazi: ukusetyenziswa ngendlela ekhethekileyo isimelabizo "thina", ukwanda kwezindululo izakhiwo ezimbaxa, ukusetyenziswa vavisa. Ulwazi kufakwa uhlobo nje amazwi ngokwenkqubo eqhelekileyo. Ngokubanzi achazayo, eyimpumelelo plug design neziphakamiso.

Zonke iimpawu eziphambili kwesimbo lwenzululwazi zentetho ucebisa itekisi kuqamba okhethekileyo. Le ngxelo iya kwahlulwa ube zahlulo kunye nesihloko esifanelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba itekisi yayiquka intshayelelo, iziseko kunye nezigqibo.

style Scientific: iimpawu lungelelanisa

Ifom engundoqo intetho ngobuchule kunye kubonisa okukhanyisayo ingqiqo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kusifikeleyo oku isimbo unit lungelelanisa imele into abstract okanye senzeko. Ngokukodwa kunye ngqo iingqiqo ezinje ezizodwa ukuvumela ukuba aveze ngokwalo. Ngaphandle la magama okanye amabinzana abonisa isenzo esithile kuluhlu emxinwa lwemisebenzi, akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso isimbo yenzululwazi mihla. Imizekelo yalo magama ezinjalo iindlela ngamanani bade yoma, uluhlu radar, isigaba, iprism, ubushushu, induna, laser kunye nabanye.

Ngaphakathi inkqubo lungelelanisa le ntetho njalo noluqondakalayo. Aziphili ngokucacisa azithathwa cala ngokuphathelele kwisimbo. La magama abizwa ulwimi olunemiqathango yentsimi umsebenzi zenzululwazi. Abaninzi kubo beza Lexicon Russian ka IsiNgesi okanye isiLatin.

Namhlanje, eli gama kuthathwa ukuba iyunithi eyodwa ingqiqo unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu. iimpawu ezinjalo lungelelanisa yesimbo yezenzululwazi ngokwamanani kule ngxelo yabucala kunye namaphepha ngabona phezu kwezinye iintlobo amabinzana. Ngokutsho manani, isigama yi malunga ne-20% ye-itekisi yonke. Ngolimi lwesayensi ngayo ophila efanayo kunye nkcukacha. Iinkcazelo ngokweekota kunika inkcazelo, oko kukuthi inkcazo emfutshane isenzeko okanye into. ingqiqo ngamnye ulwimi lwenzululwazi zinako ukuqatshelwa.

La magama eziliqela iimpawu ezithile. Ukongeza ekwahlukeni kunye nokuchaneka, ekunyaniseni, consistency ukuqiniseka zobugcisa. Kwakhona omnye wemiqathango ephambili kwimigaqo ekhoyo (current), ukwenzela ukuba akukho lixesha. Njengoko usazi, inzululwazi ingathathelwa indawo kwezinye izinto ezintsha capacious. Ukongeza, imiqathango kufuneka libe kufutshane ulwimi ngamazwe. Umzekelo: a hypothesis, ubugcisa, unxibelelwano kunye nabanye. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi yamagama eyamkelekileyo izinto ngamazwe igama-uyila (bio, extra, neo anti, mini, uMarko nabanye).

Bonke lonke, umba kummandla-ngokubanzi emxinwa kwaye Interscience. Iqela lokuqala luquka amagama afana uhlalutyo, ingxaki ithisisi, inkqubo, njalo njalo, ukuba yesibini - uqoqosho, abasebenzi, iindleko. Eyona zesi ezizodwa ngenxa kwimbono kombono kakhulu. Nemiqathango yale abalinganiswa qela lungelelanisa kuphela kwindawo ethile kwezenzululwazi.
Concepts kwintetho yobungcali ezisetyenziswa omnye kuphela ixabiso ethile. Xa kunjalo, ukuba binzana multi-sibalulekile, kufuneka ikhatshwe esicacisa ilizwi icacisa lwayo. Of iikhonsepthi kufuneka ezichaphazela, oku kulandelayo: umzimba, amandla, intshukumo, ubukhulu.

Gabalala idla kuphunyezwa ngokuthi kusetyenziswe inani elikhulu leeyunithi lungelelanisa abstract ngendlela zenzululwazi. Ukongeza, ulwimi zobungcali uye phraseology yayo ethile isici. Oku kuquka ibinzana elithi "plexus elanga", "turnover participial", "kwiziphambuka", "na", "lisetyenziswa for" njl

Lwesigama ayiboneleli ngolwazi kuphela nokuqonda kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa kwakhona ukuhambisana amaxwebhu zolawulo kunye nemithetho.

style Scientific: iimpawu iilwimi

Ulwimi iprofayile emxinwa nqanaba konxibelelwano luphawulwa iimpawu zayo morphological. Gabalala ukutsalwa yokuthetha kuvela units zegrama eyahlukileyo, apho zifumaneka khona ukhetho iintlobo kunye neendidi ntetho. Luphawulwa iimpawu kweelwimi style yenzululwazi uphindaphindo rhoqo kwitekisi, oko kukuthi, iqondo ubungakanani umthwalo.

umthetho ongabhalwanga imali lungelelanisa yenza ukusebenzisa amabinzana ukwahluka elifutshane. Enye indlela enjalo yokunciphisa uxinezeleko ukutshintsha ulwimi iintlobo zamagama esobukhomokazi ukuya sobudoda (umz: iqhosha - key). A isimo esifanayo kunye nesininzi apho indawo omnye. Umzekelo: Linden iintyatyambo ngoJuni. Kulo mzekelo, libhekisela ngaphezu kwesinye umthi ezithile, nayo yonke intsapho kwezityalo. izibizo Real maxa wambi zingasetyenziswa yesininzi: anzongonzongo kakhulu, ingxolo kwi unomathotholo, njl

Concepts ngolwimi lwezenzululwazi kakhulu busa amagama yezenzo. Oku kwenzelwa ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa ngokuzenzela izenzi yombhalo. Amaninzi, ezi izigaba zentetho athathelwa indawo izibizo. Indlela lwenzululwazi ngokutya izenzi kukhokelela kwilahleko intsingiselo lungelelanisa, sijike ntetho ibe uhlobo lothando. Ngoko ke, ezi izigaba zentetho kuphela unxibelelwano zamagama asetyenziswe ngxelo: kuba, abe, ibhekiswe, musa, kufuneka, ukuba, ithatyathwe kumiselwa, njl

Kwelinye icala, ngolwimi lwezenzululwazi kukho iqela olwahlukileyo izenzi benzela imiba indibanisela. Kulo mzekelo, okudlulisela ezi ntetho intsingiselo kweelwimi. Imizekelo zikhokelela ekufeni, ukwenza izibalo. Ngokufuthi semantics abstract yezenzi esetyenziswe style lwenzululwazi yonxibelelwano: kufuneka khona, kuqhubeka ukwenzeka kunye nabanye. Kwakhona kuvunyelwa ukuba basebenzise ifomu ngokwegrama buthathaka: i neyanamhlanje kuliwa, ukufikelela kwizigqibo, njl

Enye inkalo kweelwimi style ukusetyenziswa yinxalenye labuna yexabiso umgangatho intetho. Oku kwenzelwa ukubonisa iimpawu kunye neempawu nesenzeko kusaphandwa okanye izinto. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba izenzi ixabiso elidlulileyo lixesha singaquka umbhalo lwenzululwazi kuphela (imizekelo: iingxelo amalinge, iingxelo zophando). Xa izivisa ulwimi yobungcali Ibhaliswe ku-80% yamatyala zisetyenziswa ngohlobo abangafezekanga, ukuba ingxelo-mthetho ngokubanzi. Ezinye izenzi ezisetyenziswa ekwimo elizayo nesantya oluzinzileyo. Umzekelo: cinga, zibonakalise, njl

Ke phantsi kwezimelabizo, indlela yenzululwazi zisetyenziswa ngokungqinelana kunye nohlobo okungxalwe yombhalo. Kwiimeko ezinqabe kakhulu, iintlobo ezifana "thina" kunye "na", njengoko concretise ibali kunye isibheno. Xa anzima izimelabizo abaninzi umntu wesithathu.

style Scientific: iimpawu syntactic

Ngokuba lo hlobo intetho ebonakala notyekelo ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo yoyilo iziphakamiso. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukugqithisa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi intsingiselo kwengqiqo, ukumisela unxibelelwano phakathi imiqathango, izizathu, iziphumo kunye nezigqibo. iimpawu Syntactic yesimbo lwenzululwazi lwesicatshulwa esibonakala gabalala ukufana zonke izigaba zentetho.

Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwezindululo ngile amalungu owayamileyo. iintlobo Complex semibutho zomthonyama nazo ziyingxenye ntetho (itekisi lwenzululwazi). Imizekelo kwicala gabalala yetekisi inokufumaneka iintyilalwazi kunye neencwadi. Ukujoyina zonke izigaba zentetho zisetyenziswa yokuhlanganisa ezihamba: Ukuqukumbela, ke, njl

Ukunikezwa ngolwimi lwezenzululwazi yakhiwe ngokufanayo ngokubhekiselele kwiingxelo beesekethe. imfuneko olugunyazisiweyo - indaba engatshintshiyo. siphakamiso nganye kufuneka sibuze ezinxulumene lowo wangaphambili. uhlobo nezibuzayo ezisetyenziswa ngokubhala lwezenzululwazi kunqabile kakhulu kwaye kuphela ukutsala ingqalelo yabaphulaphuli.

Ukuzisa okubhaliweyo umlinganiswa abstract engaphelelwa isebenzisa iingxelo kwezivakalisi ezithile (angenabuntu okanye generic). Nomdlali zindululo ezinjalo engekhoyo. Ingqalelo kufuneka swi kwi intshukumo kunye neemeko zayo. Ibinzana ngokubanzi kwaye elingenammiselo-zobuqu zisetyenziswa kuphela ngokuqaliswa imigaqo kunye neefomula.

Genre ngolimi lwesayensi

Iitekisi zeli isimbo zenziwa ngohlobo kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo kunye nesakhiwo ahambelanayo. Enye kwezi kakhulu popular zaseprayimari. Le ntetho lwenzululwazi (Sample itekisi: amanqaku, izifundo, monographs, ntetho yomlomo, ingxelo) senziwe ngababhali omnye okanye ngaphezulu. Le ntetho iya loluntu okokuqala.

Uhlobo secondary kuquka izicatshulwa zisekelwe lwazi olukhoyo. Le isincoko engabonwa, kwaye abstract, engabonwa.

Ngalunye kwiintlobo ezi iimpawu ezithile zendlela ukuba musa kungqubana indlela yenzululwazi ngesakhiwo ezibalisayo ilifa iimpawu kunye neempawu eqhelekileyo.