Umbhali uBoris Zaitsev: ubugcisa, ubugcisa

UBoris Zaitsev ungumlobi owaziwayo waseRashiya kunye nomntu osasazwa ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-20, owaphelisa ubomi bakhe ekuthinjweni. Uyaziwa ngokubanzi ngemisebenzi yakhe kwimibandela yamaKristu. Abagxeka ngokukhethekileyo "Ubomi bukaSergius waseRadonezh", apho umbhali wabonisa umbono wakhe ebomini boyingcwele.

UBoris Zaitsev: I-Biography

Umbhali wazalwa kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo ngoJanuwari 29 (ngoFebruwari 10) ngo-1881 kwisixeko sase-Orel. Ubaba wayedla u-Boris omncinci ukuba asebenze kwizityalo zemigodi. Nangona kunjalo, ubuninzi bebuntwaneni bakhe babedlula kwizindlu zentsapho kufuphi neKaluga, kamva uZaitsev wachaza eli lixesha njengento engabonakaliyo yendalo kunye noqhagamshelwano nezihlobo. Ngaphandle kwentsapho yakhe, uZaitsev wabona ubomi obuthile: iindawo ezinobungozi, ukuveliswa kwemveliso yenkampani, ngokukhawuleza ukuthutha indawo, amasimi ahluphekileyo, i-Kaluga ekude. Konke oku kuza kubonakaliswa kamva emsebenzini wakhe, kubonisa ukuba le ndawo yathintela njani ukubunjwa kobuntu bombhali ozayo.

Uneminyaka eyi-11 ubudala u-Zaitsev wayesesikolweni sasekhaya, ngoko wathunyelwa esikolweni sangempela saseKaluga, esaphumelela ngo-1898. Ngaloo nyaka wangena kwi-Moscow Technical Institute. Nangona kunjalo, sele sele sele ngo-1899 uZaytsev wagxothwa kwiziko lemfundo njengenxaxheba kwintlungu yokufunda.

Kodwa kakade ngo-1902 uBuris Konstantinovich uya kwinqanaba lezomthetho, oko kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, alupheli. Oku kungenxa yokuba umlobi uya e-Italy, apho ukhangelelwa yintsapho kunye nobugcisa.

Ukuqala kokudala

Zaitsev Boris Konstantinovich waqala ukubhala kwiminyaka eyi-17. Kwaye sele ngo-1901 wanyathelisa kwiphephancwadi elithi "Courier" ibali "Endleleni." Ukususela ngo-1904 ukuya ku-1906 wasebenza kwiphephancwadi elithi "Pravda" njengonxibelelwano. Kulo phephancwadi, amabali akhe athi "Iphupha" kunye ne "Mist" ashicilelwe. Ukongezelela, iphephancwadi elithi "iNew Way" lanyathelisa ibali lembali "Silent Dawns".

Iqoqo yokuqala yamabali alo mbhali yanyatheliswa ngo-1903. Kwanikezelwa kwingcaciso yobomi beengqondo ezilungileyo, izityalo kwiindawo ezibuyiselwayo, ukutshatyalaliswa kweendawo eziphathekayo, ukuchithwa kwamasimi, ubomi obunobungozi obuyingozi kunye nolwesibini.

Nangona ekuqaleni kwendlela yakhe yokudala, uZaitsev unenhlanhla ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana nabalobi abakhulu njengo-AP Chekhov no-LN Andreev. Ngomhla ka-Anton Pavlovich wazisa umbhali eYalta ngo-1900, kwaye emva konyaka wadibana noAndreev. Bobabini ababhali benza uncedo olunzulu ekuqaleni kwe-career ye-Zaitsev.

Ngeli xesha, u-Boris Konstantinovich uhlala eMoscow, kwi-Literary and Art Circle, ushicilela iphephancwadi elithi "Zori", nguMbutho Wezintando ZaseRashiya.

Ukuya eItali

Ngo-1904, uBoris Zaitsev okokuqala ngqa uhambo oluya e-Itali. Eli lizwe lalinomdla kakhulu umlobi, kamva wada wabiza ngokuba ngumhlaba wakubo. Wachitha ixesha elininzi apho kwiminyaka yangaphambili yempi. Iimpawu ezininzi zaseNtaliyane zakha isiseko sezenzo zikaZaitsev. Ngaloo ndlela, ngowe-1922 iqoqo yashicilelwa phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Raphael", elaliquka uchungechunge lweengcoko kunye nokuvezwa ngeItali.

Ngo-1912 uZazev washada. Kungekudala, uNataliya intombi yakhe yazalwa.

Imfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, uBoris Zaitsev waphumelela kwiSikolo soMkhosi sase-Alexandrov. Kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukuba iphenduleli kaFebhuwari yaphelile, wakhuthazwa kubaphathi. Nangona kunjalo, akazange afike phambili ngenxa yempumoniya. Wayehlala ngexesha lemfazwe ePritykino kunye nomfazi nentombi yakhe.

Emva kwemfazwe, uZaitsev wabuyela eMoscow nentsapho yakhe, apho wamiselwa ngokukhawuleza usihlalo we-All-Russian Writers 'Union. Kwakhona ngezinye ixesha wayesebenza ixesha elithile kwi-Shop of Writers Writers.

Ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe

Ngo-1922, uZaitsev wagula nge-typhus. Esi sifo sasinzima, kwaye ukuvuselela ngokukhawuleza, uzimisele ukuya ngaphandle. Ufumana i-visa aze aqale eBerlin, aze aye e-Italy.

UBoris Zaitsev ngumlobi othumele. Kususela ngeli xesha liqala isigaba se-overseas emsebenzini wakhe. Ngeli xesha, wayesele ekwazi ukuvakalelwa yimpembelelo enamandla yeembono zefilosofi kaN. Berdyaev no- V. Solovyov. Oku kuguqula ngokuphawulekayo ulwalathiso lokudala lomlobi. Ukuba imisebenzi yangaphambili ye-Zaitsev yayingumntu wobuthakathi kunye nobuhedeni, ngoku i-orientation yobuKristu yaqala ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kubo. Umzekelo, ibali elithi "Umzekelo Wegolide", ukuqokelela "Ukuvuselela", iincwadana ebomini babangcwele "Athos" kunye ne "Valaam", njl.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili, uBoris Zaitsev waphendukela kwiidayari zakhe waza waqala ukupapasha. Ngoko, kwiphephandaba elithi "Vozrozhdenie" lwakhe uluhlu "Iintsuku" lushicilelwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngowe-1940, xa iJamani ihlala eFransi, zonke iimpapasho zikaZaitsev ziphela. Yonke imfazwe, akukho nto yathethwa ngomsebenzi wombhali kumaphephandaba nakumaphephancwadi. UBoris Konstantinovich ngokwakhe wahlala engabikho kwezopolitiko nakwiimfazwe. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba iJamani yatshatyalaliswa, waphinde wabuyela kwiinkonzo zezenkolo kunye nefilosofi zakudala kwaye ngo-1945 wabhala ibali elithi "uKumkani uDavide".

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi nokufa

Ngo-1947 uBoris Zaitsev waqala ukusebenza kwiphephandaba laseParis eRusskaya Mysl. Ngaloo nyaka waba nguSihlalo we-Union of Writers of Russia eFransi. Eli thunyelwe ligcinwe kuye de iintsuku zokugqibela zobomi bakhe. Iintlanganiso ezifanayo ziqhelekileyo kumazwe aseYurophu, apho i-Russian creative creentsia yafuduka emva kovulo lweFebhuwari.

Ngomnyaka we-1959, waqala ukubhala kunye noBoris Pasternak, ngelixa bekanye kunye noMnin almanac "amabhuloho".

Ngo-1964, ibali elithi "Umlambo wexesha" nguBoris Zaitsev upapashwa. Lo ngumsebenzi wokugqibela opapashwe ngumlobi, ukugqiba indlela yakhe yokudala. Kamva, ukuqokelela amabali ngumbhali onesihloko esifanayo kuya kushicilelwa.

Nangona kunjalo, ubomi bukaZaitsev abuzange buyeke khona. Ngomnyaka we-1957, umfazi wakhe unobulwelwe obunzima, umbhali uhlala naye ngonaphakade.

Umbhali ngokwakhe wafa eneminyaka eyi-91 eParis ngoJanuwari 21, 1972. Umzimba wakhe wangcwatshwa emangcwabeni eSaint-Genevieve-des-Bois, apho abaninzi abafuduka baseRussia abafudukela eFransi bangcwatyelwa khona.

Boris Zaitsev: iincwadi

Ubunono be-Zaitsev budibene ngamacandelo amabini amakhulu: ngaphambi kokufudukela kwamanye amazwe kunye nabangama-post-immigrant. Oku kubangelwe ukuba inqobo yokuba indawo yokuhlala yombhali ishintshile, kodwa ukuba i-orientation semantic yemisebenzi yakhe ishintshile ngokusisiseko. Ukuba ngethuba lokuqala umbhali wayebhenela ngakumbi kwiinjongo zobuhedeni kunye neentlanzi, wachaza ubunzima be-revolution, obamba imiphefumlo yabantu, ngoko kwixesha lesibini wazinikela ingqalelo kwiingqungquthela zamaKristu.

Qaphela ukuba imisebenzi edumileyo inxulumene ngqo kwisigaba sesibini somsebenzi kaZaitsev. Ukongezelela, lixesha lokugqibela eliye lalona liqhamo ngakumbi kubomi bombhali. Ngako-ke, ngaphezu kweencwadi ezingama-30 zishicilelwe kwaye imisebenzi engaphezulu kwe-800 iye yabonakala kumaphephancwadi.

Oku kubangelwa kukuba i-Zaitsev igxininise yonke imizamo yakhe kwimisebenzi yokubhala. Ukongeza ekubhaliseni imisebenzi yakhe, usebenza kwi-journalism kunye neenguqulelo. Kwaye ngo-1950, umbhali wayelungu leKomishoni yokuguqulelwa kweTestamente eNtsha kwisiRashiya.

Udumo olukhethekileyo lwaluyi-trilogy "Uhambo lweGleb." Lo ngumsebenzi wobuqu lapho umlobi echaza ubuntwaneni nobutsha bomntu ozalwe ngexesha elibalulekileyo eRashiya. Ibali lobomi liphela ngowe-1930, xa iqhawe liqonda ukuxhamla kwakhe ne-Great Martyr Gleb.

"USergius waseRadonezh"

Wabonakala ebomini benceba uBoris Zaitsev. USergius waseRadonezh waba yiqhawe kuye, umzekelo apho wabonisa ukuguqulwa komntu oqhelekileyo ukuba abe ngcwele. U-Zaitsev wakwazi ukudala umfanekiso ocacileyo kunye oqinileyo wengcwele kunokuba uchaze kwabanye ubomi, okwenza uSergius aqondwe ngakumbi kumfundi olula.

Singaxelela ukuba lo msebenzi uphendlo lwenkolo yombhali ngokwakhe. U-Zaitsev waziqonda ngokwakhe ukuba umntu unokufikelela njani ubungcwele ngokuguqulwa komoya okwenziwe ngokuqhubekayo. Umbhali ngokwakhe, njengeqhawe lakhe, wahamba kwiinqanaba eziliqela kwindlela yokuqonda ubungcwele bokwenyaniso, kwaye onke amanyathelo akhe abonakaliswe kumsebenzi.