Iimpawu zefilosofi yasendulo

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlalutye iimpawu ezithile kunye nemikhwa ekuphuhlisweni kwayo nayiphi na imifanekiso yezenzululwazi, kuyimfuneko ukumisela ngezinga elifanelekileyo lokuchaneka isakhelo sembali sokuphuhliswa kwezi zimo. Le ndlela kuphela iqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kohlalutyo kunye neemeko ezihambelanayo nophuhliso lwaloo nzu lulwazi.

Igama elithi "ifilosofi yasendulo" yavelisa ifa lefilosofi yaseGrisi lasendulo neRoma yaseRoma.

Kwiminyaka engaphezu kweyesibini, ukubunjwa nokuphuhliswa kwezikolo eziphambili kunye nezikhokelo zehlabathi la mandulo zenzeke, kwaye ngeli thuba inani elinobuchule lobulumko nolwazi lwabantu lwaqokelela, olungenakugqithiswa. Kwimiba yembali, ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwefilosofi yasendulo, amaxesha amane ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo.

Isihlandlo sangaphambi kweSokrosi sokuvela kwefilosofi yakudala, okokuqala, kubonakala ukuba ngexesha lakhe, eqinisweni, imvelaphi kunye nokubunjwa kwento ebizwa ngokuthi "ifilosofi yasendulo" yenzeka. Abameli abadumileyo nguThales, uAnaximander, uAnaximenes, ababemi kwimvelaphi yokwakhiwa kwesikolo esidumile saseMiletus. Ngelo xesha i-atomists i-Democritus neLeucippus nayo yadala iziseko ze-dialectics. Iimpawu ezikhanyayo zefilosofi yasendulo zazibonakalisa ngokwazo kwimibhalo yesikolo sase-Eleya, okokuqala, uHeraclitus wase-Efese. Ngeli xesha, indlela yokuqala yokuqonda ingqiqo yefilosofi yaqulunqwa-ukuvakalisa izimvo zomntu kunye nomnqweno wokuzilungelelanisa njengemfundiso.

Iinzame zokuchaza iziganeko zendalo, ukuqonda ngokubaluleka kwezulu kunye nehlabathi labantu, ukulungiswa kwemigaqo ebalulekileyo yendalo yonke-ezi ziingxaki zefilosofi yasendulo enomdla "kwi-pre-Socratics".

I-classical, okanye njengokuba ibizwa ngokuba yintsimi ye-Socrates-yayiyinkqubela yefilosofi yakudala, kwakukule nqanaba ukuba iziganeko zobomi befilosofi yakudala babonakala ngokucacileyo.

Abaphambili "abalingisi" beli xesha babeyi-sophist enkulu uSocrates, uPlato, uAristotle. Iinkalo eziphambili zefilosofi yasendulo zale nqanaba zazikuba abacingayo benza umzamo wokungena ngokungakumbi kwiingxaki ezifunyenwe ngabaphambili babo. Okokuqala, igalelo labo ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela kufuneka liqatshelwe, endaweni yokuvakalisa ingqiqo-mbono, basebenzise indlela yeengxoxo kunye nobungqina, obakhokelela ekuphuhliseni okukhawulezileyo kwimiqathango yezobufilosofi, okwakubakho emva koko kwavela njengezenzululwazi ezizimeleyo-mathematics, physics, geography kunye Abanye. Abacingisi bexesha eliqhelekileyo (oko kuthiwa kwixesha lexesha likaSolophu lokuphuhliswa kwefilosofi) bathetha ngokungaphantsi kweengxaki zeemigaqo-siseko zehlabathi, kodwa, ngokubeka phambili umfanekiso weengcamango zehlabathi, wabeka ingxoxo enkulu malunga neyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimfundiso yezinto eziphathekayo kunye neengcinga. Kwiimfundiso zabo, iimbonakaliso zefilosofi yasendulo zabonakaliswa ukuba ukungeniswa koothixo kwiingcaciso zenzululwazi ngemibono yokudalwa kwehlabathi kunye nemvelo kwavunyelwa. UPlato noAristotle babokuqala ukubonisa umdla kwiingxaki zokungqinelana phakathi koluntu kunye nombuso.

Ngaphezulu, imbali yefilosofi yasendulo yaqhutyelwa ngabameleli bemfundiso yamaStoiki, i-Academy yePlato, iindalo zefilosofi ze-Epicurus. Eli xesha labizwa ngokuba lihambelana negama lexesha lokuphuhliswa kwempucuko yeGrike-isiGrike. Kubonakaliswe ukunyanzeliswa kwendima ekuphuhliseni ulwazi lwefilosofi kwisigaba seGrike ngokwalo.

Iimpawu ezahlukileyo zesigaba samaGrike yinto yokuba inkxalabo yexabiso lexabiso likhokelela ekukhanyeleni kunye nokugatywa kwabaphathi bamandulo, kuquka noothixo. Abafilosofi banxusa umntu ukuba afune imithombo yamandla akhe, umzimba kunye nokuziphatha, ukuba afune kuye, ngamanye amaxesha ekhokelela kulo mnqweno wokungaqondi, okubonakaliswa kwimfundiso yamaStoiki.

Ixesha lamaRoma, abanye abaphandi bathi ukufa kwefilosofi yakudala, eyona nto ingeyinto engafanelekiyo. Nangona kunjalo, umntu kufuneka aqaphele ukunyuka okuthile kwifilosofi yasendulo, ukukhukhula kwayo kwiimfundiso zefilosofi kwezinye iindawo kunye nabantu. Abameli ababalaseleyo kweli nqanaba babe nguSeneeca kunye namaStoiki, kamva uMarcus Aurelius, uTito Lucretius Car. Kwiimbono zabo, iimpawu zefilosofi yasendulo zazibonakalisa ngokwandiswa kwimiba ye-aesthetics, uhlobo, i-priority yeengxaki zelizwe phezu kweengxaki zomntu ngokwakhe. Ngalesi sikhathi isikhokelo esiphezulu somfanekiso weengcamango wehlabathi sivela malunga nokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo. Ngokufika kobuKristu, ifilosofi yasendulo iyancipha ngokukhawuleza, yakha, ekugqibeleni, imigaqo-siseko ye-theology.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngasinye kwisigaba esasihlolwe sasinempawu zayo. Kodwa ifilosofi yasendulo ineempahla eziyimpawu zesigxina, uphawu lwawo onke amaxesha. Phakathi kwezi zizinto zodwa zengqiqo yefilosofi evela kwimibandela yokuvelisa izinto eziphathekayo, umnqweno wezifilosofi ukuzibeka kwindawo ephakamileyo njengabathwali beqiniso, i-cosmocentrism, kunye namazinga okugqibela - ukudideka kwayo kunye ne-anthropocentrism. Ifilosofi yasendulo kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphuhliswa kwayo yayisondelelene kakhulu kunye nehlabathi lezemfundiso.