Yintoni "into-ngokwayo" kwifilosofi? "Into ngokwalo" ngokwe-Kant

Yintoni "into-ngokwayo" (Ding an sich)? Eli gama kwifilosofi libonisa ukuba izinto zikhona ngokwabo, kungekhona ngokuphathelele ulwazi lwabo, oko kukuthi, nokuba yintoni na abayaziwayo. Ukuze uqonde oko uKant wayethethayo, umntu makangacinga ukuba into yokuba "into-ngokwayo" ineentsingiselo ezininzi kwaye iquka ezimbini ezibalulekileyo izichaso. Okokuqala, kuthetha ukuba izinto zolwazi zikhona ngokwabo, ngaphandle kweefom ezinengqiqo kunye neengqondo ezithatyathwa ngazo.

Ngaloo ndlela, "into-ngokwayo" ngokwe-Kant ithetha ukuba nayiphi na ukwandiswa nokwandiswa kolwazi kukuqonda nje kuphela iziganeko, kungekhona kwezinto ngokwabo. Oku kubangelwa kukuba kuvela kwiifom ezizimeleyo zesigqibo kunye nesimo sengqondo. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, uKant ukholelwa ukuba nangona imathematika, eyona yenzululwazi, ayikhombisi inyaniso, ngoko ke inokwethenjelwa kuphela kuthi, kuba iyaqondwa ngeendlela ezizizathu zokuqala nezizathu zokuziphatha.

Ulwazi ngokombono kaKant

Yintoni "into-ngokwayo" yeKant? Eli lixesha kunye nendawo ephantsi kokuchaneka kweemathematika, i-arithmetic nejometri. Ezi azikho iifom zokuhlala kwezinto ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa iintlobo zesimo sengqondo esingafunanga ubungqina. Ngexesha elifanayo, ubunzima, izinto kunye nokusebenzisana akuzona izinto zezinto, ziyizona zihlobo kuphela zokuqonda kwethu. Ingcamango yesayensi ngokusemthethweni ayifaki ukukopisha iipropati zezinto, ibhekisela kwicandelo lezinto ezibekwa ngqondweni "kwizinto eziphathekayo". U-Kant ukholelwa ukuba iipropati ezifunyenwe kwisayensi azixhomekeke kwizinto ezingafaniyo zesifundo ngasinye, kodwa akunakutsholwa ukuba imithetho efundwa yenzululwazi iyazimeleyo.

Ulwazi oluncinane nolungenamkhawulo lwe-Kant

Ikhono lokuqaphela lingaba lilinganiselwe kwaye lingenamkhawulo. U-Kant uthi inzululwazi yezobugcisa ayinayo imida yokunyusa nokunyuka kwayo. Ukuqwalasela nokuhlalutya iziganeko, singene ngaphakathi ekudeni kwendalo, kwaye awaziwa ukuba kusekude kangakanani ukuqhubeka kunye nexesha.

Nangona kunjalo, inzululwazi, ngokubhekiselele ku-Kant, inokuthi iphelelwe. Kule meko, ithetha ukuba, nangona naluphi na ukwandisa nokwandiswa, ulwazi lwezesayensi alukwazi ukuhamba ngaphaya kwemiqathango yeefomu ezinengqiqo apho i-cognition yenjongo yenzeke. Oko kukuthi, nangona sikwazi ukuyihlolisisa iimeko zendalo, asisoze sakwazi ukuphendula imibuzo engaphezu kwemvelo.

Ukungaqondakali "kwezinto ngokwabo"

"Into eyodwa" kukuba, ngokwenene, i-agnostic efanayo. UKant waphakamisa ukuba ekufundiseni kwakhe iifomu zokuqala zeengqiqo nokuziphatha kwakhe wakwazi ukunqoba ukukholelwa kukaHume kunye nabadala beengxaki, kodwa ngokwenene ukucinga kwakhe kungenangqiqo kwaye kungabonakali. Oko, kwimbono kaKant, "injongo", ngokwenene kunciphisa ngokupheleleyo kwihlabathi kunye nokufuneka, okuyiqonda ukuba iyona nto ichazwa yinto yokuziphatha kunye nesizathu. Ngenxa yoko, umthombo ophezulu wokuthi "ukunyamekela" kuyinto efanayo, kwaye ingeyona ihlabathi langaphandle, elibonakaliswa kwiinkcenkcazo zokuqonda kwengqondo.

"Into ngokwayo" kwifilosofi

Ukubaluleka kwegama elithi "into-in-itself" ichazwe ngentla kusetyenziswa yiKant kuphela xa ezama ukuchaza ukuba kungenzeka ukuba nolwazi lwezesayensi nolwazi lwesendalo. Kodwa ekulungiseni imbono yefilosofi kunye nokuziphatha kwayo, ithola intsingiselo eyahlukileyo. Ngoko yintoni "into-ngokwayo" kwifilosofi kaKant? Kule meko, sithetha izinto ezikhethekileyo zehlabathi eliqondayo-inkululeko yokuchaza izenzo zabantu, ukungafi kunye noThixo njengento ebalulekileyo kunye nenyaniso yehlabathi. Imigaqo ye-Kant yokuziphatha iphepheni ngokuchanekileyo oku kuqonda "ngezinto-ngokwabo."

Ifilosofi iqaphele ukuba umntu ongobuchule bokungonakali kokubi kunye nokuphikisana kobomi babantu, ngenxa yabo. Kwaye ngoxa wayekholelwa ukuba ngomphefumlo umntu ufuna isimo esifanayo phakathi kokuziphatha nokuziphatha. Kwaye, ngokutsho kukaKant, ukuvumelana oku kukwazi ukufezekiswa kungekhona kwi-empirical, kodwa kwihlabathi eliqondayo. Kuqinisekisa ukuziphatha ngokusemthethweni kwehlabathi ukuba iKant ifuna ukuqonda into "into-ngokwayo". Ubonisa ihlabathi "lezinto" kwizinto zendalo kunye neento zalo njengento yolwazi lwesayensi, kunye nehlabathi "izinto-ngaphakathi-ngokwazo" - ukungafi, inkululeko kunye noThixo.

Ukungazi kakuhle

Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, "into-in-itself" uKant iyamemezela into engaqondakaliyo, kwaye ukungazi kakuhle kwayo akusekhotyana kunye nesisondelelo, kodwa iinqununu, ezingenakunyaniseki nayiphi na ulwazi lwefilosofi kunye nenkqubela phambili. UThixo unjalo "into engaziwayo" ngokwayo. Ubukho balo abukwazi ukuqinisekiswa okanye ukuphikiswa. Ubukho bukaThixo bubungqina bengqondo. Umntu uyaqaphela ukuba uThixo akasekelwe kubungqina obunengqiqo, kodwa kwiimigaqo yokuziphatha kakuhle. Kuye kwenzeka ukuba kule ngxaki uKant ugxeka ingqondo ukuze aqinise kwaye aqinise ukholo. Imingcele ayisebenzisayo kwingqondo yezobugcisa yilezo zithintelo ezingamelanga nje kuphela isayensi, kodwa kunye nokusebenza kokholo. Ukholo lufanele lube ngaphaya kwemida kwaye lube ngumngcipheko.

Indlela kaKant yeengcamango

Ukudlulisa isisombululo seengxabano kunye nokuphikisana - inzululwazi kunye nezobugcisa - kwilizwe eliqondayo, kwakudingeka ukuba kusetshenziswe ingcamango ecacileyo yeengcamango eziphambili zefilosofi yezobugcisa. U-Kant wayengumceli wefilosofi kunye nokuziphatha, kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yokuba inkolelo yakhe yolwazi yayinengcamango. Kodwa kunoko, ngokuchaseneyo, le ngcamango yayiyinto engcamango, kuba ifilosofi yembali kunye nokuziphatha yayingumongo. Inyaniso yaseJamani yamaxesha e-Kant ayiphikalanga ngokupheleleyo into yokuxazulula ukuphikisana okwenene ebomini kwindlela eyenziwa ngayo kunye nokukwazi ukubonakalisa ngokwaneleyo kwingcamango yeengcinga.

Ngenxa yeso sizathu, i-Kant's philosophical view has developed in the channel of idealism under the influence of Hume, ngakwesinye icala, kunye noLeibniz noWolff kwelinye. Ukungqubuzana kwezi zithethe kunye nokuzama ukuhlalutya ukusebenzisana kwazo kubonakala kwiimfundiso zikaKant malunga nemida kunye neendlela zolwazi oluchanileyo.