Iinkalo ezithandayo malunga nama-arachnids. I-Class Arachnids: ama-10 anentsingiselo

Ngohlobo lwayo oluqhiphukisayo nolusoloko lubumnandi lweengcungcuthe, naphezu kobukhulu obuncinci, isiqingatha esiphezulu sabantu senza okungenani singathandi. Okwangoku, kukho abo bagcina njengezilwanyana ezifuywayo, kunye ne-hamsters okanye i-parrots. Ngaba uye wacinga malunga nendlela esingazi ngayo ngabameli beli candelo lombuso wezilwanyana? Sincoma ukuba ufunde kabanzi malunga neklasi yeArachnids, kuquka neenkcukacha ezili-10 ezithakazelisayo malunga nee-arachnids eziya kumangalisa, mhlawumbi zikukhathaze.

Iklasi iyadibanisa ngokwayo iqela elikhulu leendidi ezahlukeneyo kwaye lihluke ngokuthe ngqo kumnye u-arthropods. Iquka amasebe amathathu: i-scorpions, izilwanyana kunye nezigulane, ubuninzi - iindidi eziyi-114 ezilwanyana, kubandakanye nama-fossi angama-2,000. Iqela lesibini nelithathu linabameli abaninzi-55 no-44, ngokulandelanayo. Igama elichasiweyo kwiklasi yaseArachnids - Arachnids. Ivela kulwimi lwesiGrike kwaye, ngokwemiqathango enye, inxulumene neArachnaya - isilinen esinekhono. Ekhukhulile, wathi ukhulula ku-Athena ngobuchule bakhe, wammema kumdlalo. Kanye kunye nokwamkela, wamkela ingqumbo yodadekazi waza waphenduka waba sisicangci, esiya kuhlanjululwa aze ahlale emanatha akhe. Mhlawumbi, kukule bali ukuba unokuqalisa ngokukhuselekileyo zonke iinkcukacha ezithakazelisayo nge-arachnids.

Ubukhulu kunye nesakhiwo

Abameli beklasini basasazeka kwiindawo zonke, kodwa baninzi abemi bomhlaba, kukho nabemi bemizimba yamanzi amnandi, kunye nezinye iintlobo eziselwandle. Ubungakanani bala ma-arthropods ahlakazekile ukusuka kumamitha ambalwa ukuya kumashumi amabini amentimitha. Esi sakhiwo kuqhelekileyo ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamacandelo amabini: i-opistosome (isisu) kunye ne-millet (i-cephalothorax), izithwala ezithwalayo ze-chelicera, imilenze yokuhamba kunye ne-pedipalps. Umzimba wazo zonke i-arachnids ihlanganiswe ne-cuticle encinci ye-chitin. Izigulane kunye neengqungquthela zinezitho ezizodwa-izixhobo ezihlaziyileyo, ngelixa i-first-first has a body organs. Ngohlobo lokutya, phantse zonke i-arachnids zizidlo, kwaye zimbalwa iintlobo eziye zatshintsha ukutshala ukutya.

Kwaye ngoku siyakumema ukuba ufumane iinkcukacha eziqhelekileyo kunye ezinomdla ngokuphathelele i-arachnids (iincinci), ezibhekiselele kwizigulane, njengabameli abadumileyo nabangabonakaliyo kwiklasi.

Inombolo yeqiniso 1: malunga nobukhulu

Sasihlala sibona iincinci ezincinci ekhaya okanye kwisitrato, kodwa ingacingi nakwezinye indawo kwiindawo zasendle zaseMzantsi Melika kukho iklasi enkulu ngokwemigangatho yeklasi - iTerafosa Blond (isithombe esingezantsi), yaziwa nangokuthi i-tarantula trantula. Ubukhulu bomzimba bufikelela kwi-10 cm, kunye nemilenze eyanqambileyo ukuya kwi-25-30 cm. Iyakwazi ukubamba iigundane, amaxoxo kunye neengqungquthela, iilzards kwaye, ngokweminye inkcazelo, iintaka ezincinci.

Inyaniso yenombolo 2: malunga newebhu

Lewebhu iyimfihlelo, ikhutshwe kwiingqungquthela ezikhethekileyo, eziphefumulayo ngokukhawuleza kwaye zithole ifomu eyaziwayo sonke. Ubume balo bemikhemikhali yiprothini esondeleyo ekubunjweni kwiintambo zelinen. Yiyo leyo iklasi yama-Arachnids idume ngayo. Iinkalo ezithandayo malunga newebhu zininzi. Ityhile kakhulu kwaye ilula, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo liqinile. Ngoko, ubuninzi bewebhu, obuya kubanjwa emhlabeni wonke, buya kufikelela kuma-gram angama-300 kuphela.

Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo, ukuba ucinga ukuba liboshwe kwiintambo zeengqungquthela kunye neepensile ezininzi, ngoko ke kunokumisa indiza. Iinqununu ezinkulu kakhulu zikhutshwe yizintlu ezingezizo ezinkulu. Ziyakwaziwa nangokuthi izibhendi zebhanana kwaye zinobukhulu bomzimba obuya kwi-4 cm, kwaye udidi lweemilenze lufikelela kwi-12 cm. Ibhulobho enkulu kunazo zonke erekhodiweyo kutshanje eMantadia (National Park) eMadagascar. Ubungakanani bentambo "yomnatha" bekungamamitha angama-25. Ukwahlula isicangci esingummangaliso uDarwin. Emva kokufunda iimpawu zewebhu, izazinzulu ziye zafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba iyingqayizivele ngamandla kwaye zidlula zonke izibonakaliso ezifanayo zezinye iintlobo nge-10.

Inyaniso yenombolo 3: malunga nokuzaliswa

Phakathi kwezicukuthwane, i- sex dimorphism ibonakala ngokucacileyo , amabhinqa amakhulu (ngamanye amaxesha abaluleke) amadoda, ngaphezu koko, aphila ixesha elide. Oku kungenxa yeziganeko ezininzi. Okokuqala, abesilisa beentlobo ezininzi, emva kokuba bazalise amaqanda, bafe, kwaye okwesibini, ibhinqa liyabulala. Inyaniso enomdla malunga ne-arthropods (i-arachnids kule meko) yayingenakucingeka ngaphandle kokukhankanya umhlolokazi omnyama onguhlaza (karakurt). Ubunobuthi obuyingozi kubantu zihlandlo ezinobungozi ngaphezu kwe-rattlesnake. Igama le-spider libangelwa ukuba emva kokuqumba kwamanzi amaninzi umfazi uyadla kuphela indoda. Inani lamaqanda elibekiwe lifikelela kumawaka angama-20.

Inyaniso # 4: malunga nobutyhefu

"I-Guinness Book of Records" ngo-2010 yaqaphela uhlobo lweengqungquthela zaseBrazil ezijikelezayo ezinamandla kunobuninzi kunye nenani leentlobo. Uluhlu lweendawo zokuhlala luphela kuMbindi naseMzantsi Melika. I-genus ibandakanya, ngokutsho kwedatha yakutshanje, iintlobo ezisibhozo, okokugqibela okufunyenwe kuphela nje ngo-2001. Ubuthi bawo buqulethe i-neurotoxin eyingozi kwaye inamandla, ekhoyo kwiinkxwaxhezi ezinobuthi zikhokelela ekugqithweni komsila ongalawulwayo kwaye kukhokelela ekuphefumla. Nangona kunjalo, i-antidote efanelekileyo eyenza inani lokufa linciphise ubuncinci.

Inyaniso # 5: malunga nokutya

Indlela yokutya kunye nesondlo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiintlobo. Ngoko ke, abanye abameli bama-arachnids banokulambalala ukusuka kwiintsuku eziliqela ukuya kunyaka. Nangona kunjalo, iinyaniso ezithandekayo kwi-biology (izichukumisi zisengqondweni, ngokukodwa) ziya kuphelelwa ngaphandle kweengcinga ezivela kulolu hlobo: "Nokuba kunjalo?" Ngoko ke, nangaphantsi kwimeko yokulamba indlala yezinye iintlobo zonyaka, izigulane zidla i-biomass edlalwa ngaphezu kwayo yonke inabantu. Okokuthi, ukuba babesondliwa ngabantu, babeza kuthathwa ngokukhawuleza nathi kwiintsuku ezintathu.

Izigubhi zizingeli, kodwa zifumana ukutya ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, intlanzi ye-queen-spinner. Ukubopha iwebhu ngemithi emibini, uyanciphisa intambo evulekileyo encinci yemfihlo ekupheleni kunye nokubukela. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba ixhoba elibonakalayo liqala, liqala ukuguqula "intonga yokuloba", ngokukhangele ukutsala ingqalelo. Amazinyo kunye nezinye iintlobo zezinambuzane, zinamathele, asinalo ithuba lokuzikhulula, kwaye isicangci siqala ukusibuyisela intambo kuye ngokuthula.

Inyaniso # 6: kwakhona ngokutya

Inyaniso enomdla malunga nee-arachnids ayikho nje indlela ezi zizingela ngayo. Akusoloko isicangci sikhetha ixhoba, ngokuqhelekileyo iba yinto. Kuqiniseke ngokuqinisekileyo malunga nobukho beemifanekiso ezidliwayo, kwaye banokuzama ukufikelela kwi-free. Ngokukhethekileyo edumileyo ngokubanzi kwezolimo ezidumileyo zaseAsia. Kwaye kunye ne-tarantula enetyhefu kwindawo yalo yokuhlala, abantu basekuhlaleni (eCambodia, eLosos) bayavuya ukugcoba kwisibonda. Ngoku kukho iindlela ezininzi ukukhangela abakhenkethi abanomdla.

Inyaniso # 7: i-Vegan Spider

Ukubala izinto ezinomdla malunga nama-arachnids, lo mmeli weklasi akakwazi ukukhankanywa. Uninzi lweentsholongwane ludla. Nangona kunjalo, kuyo yonke imithetho, njengoko yaziwa, kukho ukungafani, kulo mzekelo nguBagir Kipling. Inqabanqwana encinane yombala oqaqambileyo (efanekiselwayo) ihlala kuma-acacias kwaye ixhasa ukutya. Kuphawulwa ukuba kwiminyaka yesomiso esinzima kunye nokunqongophala kwesiseko sefowuni, banokudlulela kwi-cannibalism.

Inombolo ye-8: malunga nokuzingela

Ukulahla umnxibelelwano onobuchule akuyiyo inxalenye yazo zonke izicabucabu. Kukho nabo basebenzisa imicu emincinci kuphela njengempahla yokumisela indawo yokuhlala, apho leyo ntokazi ibeka amaqanda. Iinqwelo-amahashe asebenzayo abazingeli bemihla ngemihla kwaye banamehlo abukhali. Unesistim se-hydraulic esinqwenelekayo yomzimba, leyo, ngenxa yokuguqula uxinzelelo lwegazi, ukwandisa izitho kunye nokwenza uhambo olude. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba, ngaphambi kokuzenza, isicabangca sithatha isilumkiso kwaye sigxininiswe ngentambo yesicabangca kwindawo yokuqala. Kulo mfanekiso ungezantsi i-morph gray.

Inyaniso No. 9: Ngexesha lokuphila

Kunzima ukusho ngokucacileyo malunga nokuba zininzi izigulane zihlala . Kuyaziwa nje ukuba ubuncinci bubangaphambi kwexesha lokutshatyalaliswa nokukhula (ukusuka kwiinyanga eziliqela ukuya kunyaka). Okokuthi, umntu uyafa emva kokuzalisekisa injongo yakhe-ukuqhubeka kwe-genus. Nangona kunjalo, kwiinkcukacha ezithakazelisayo nge-arachnids, kubalulekile ukuquka i-tarantulas. Bayi-rekodi-holders yokulindela ubomi, nangona kuxhomekeke ngqo kwizesondo. Abesilisa bafa emva kokubambana kokuqala. Ibhinqa, ngokuchaseneyo, inokuphila iminyaka kunye namashumi eminyaka. Kwaye kwaphawulwa ukuba ekuthinjweni, phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko zokuvalelwa kuzo, ezinye iimpawu zafikelela kwiminyaka engama-30.

Inombolo ye nyaniso 10: malunga neeporpions

Ezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo mhlawumbi zivela kwiindawo zasendulo eziye zavela elwandle zaza zomelela umhlaba (iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezi-400 ezedlulileyo), nangona ubukhulu babo bube bukhangayo-ukuya kwi-1 m ubude. Iintlobo zangoku zizithoba kakhulu ngobukhulu. Ummeli omkhulu kwi-detachment ngu-scorpion wama-kingali (ukuya kuma-20 cm), encinci - malunga ne-13 mm. Bondla kuphela ukutya kokutya, abadli amanzi, kodwa banokulamba indlala iminyaka emibini. Ummeli onobuhlungu u-Israel, obala i-90% yabo bonke abantu ababulewe ngokulunywa kwezi zintlanzi eNtshona Afrika.

Ezi zi-arachnids ezinobungozi. Inyaniso enomdla malunga neeporpions izalise ulwazi olumangalisayo olongezelelweyo malunga nale klasi yeerthropods. Nangona kunjalo, akusilo lonke uluhlu, ngenxa yokuba imvelo ishiya ezininzi iimfihlakalo kunye neemfihlakalo zomntu.