Ukulungiswa koqoqosho ngo-1985-1991: izigaba kunye neziphumo

Ngomnyaka we-1980, iintlekele zaphazamiseka zibonakala kwiindawo zentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko zobomi bamaRiphabliki aseSoviet. Umntu ongathembekiyo woluntu lwentlalo-ntlalontle evela kumazwe aphuhliswe ngakumbi kweli hlabathi wazibonakalisa. Ukuze kuphephe ukuwa kokugqibela nokuphucula imeko kweli lizwe, urhulumente wase-USSR wenza ulungiso lwezoqoqosho ngo-1985-1991.

Imfuneko yokulungiselela ukulungiswa

Ngama-1980, uqoqosho lweSoviet Union lwalusondele ekupheleni. Kulo lonke ilizwe, kubekho ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwezinga lokuphuhliswa kwayo, kwaye kwamanye amacandelo oqoqosho lwelizwe kukho ukuhla kwehla kwinqanaba lomveliso. Ukungaphumeleli kweendlela zolawulo lwezenhlalakahle kubonakaliswe kakhulu kumatshini wokwakha, i-metallurgy, icandelo leshishini kunye nezinye amasebe. Nangona ngo-1985 i-USSR iveliswe malunga neekhilomitha ezili-150 zeesinyithi, okwakungaphezulu kwe-US, leli zwe alisenalo isinyithi esaneleyo. Isizathu salesi si-teknoloji esingafezekanga sokutyhibilika kwayo, apho ezininzi izinto ezibonakalayo zenziwe zibe yi-shavings. Le meko yahlaziywa ngokungalawulwa kakubi, ngenxa yokuba iitoni zensimbi zazingcoliswa ngaphantsi kwezulu.

Ukulungiswa koqoqosho lwe-USSR ngo-1985-1991. Kwakungekho mfuneko nje ngenxa yeengxaki kwiinkalo zorhwebo olunzima. Ekuqaleni kwama-80 e-Soviet Union aqhuba uvavanyo loomatshini kunye noomatshini bemveliso yasekhaya. Kuzo zonke izinto ezivivinywayo, kwaye kwakukho malunga nama-20,000 kuwo, isahlulo sesithathu saziwa njengezakhono ezingasebenzi kwaye zingenakunceda. Izixhobo ezinobulunga obuphambili ziya kususwa kwimveliso, kodwa zaqhubeka ziveliswa.

Nangona i-Soviet Union ibonelele ngokukhethekileyo ekuphuhliseni imboni yezokhuselo, kwabonakala ukuba ayinakuthethwa kwiimarike zehlabathi. Xa iinguqulelo ze-microprocessor zenzeka kwihlabathi lonke leNtshona Koloni ekupheleni kwee-1970 kunye ne-1980, imali eninzi yafikelela ekugcinweni kwintambo yezandla e-USSR. Ngenxa yoko, akukho mali eyaneleyo eyabelwe ukuphuhliswa kwezenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Uluntu lwaseSoviet lwaluqala ngokugqithisa emva kweNtshona ngokubhekiselele kophuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe.

Ukuguqulwa kwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho ngo-1985-1991 kwaye kwavuthwa ukuwa komgangatho wangempela wokuphila kwabantu. Xa kuthelekiswa nokupheleni kwema-1960, ngowe-1980, iholo lemali yabemi liye lahla malunga nantathu. Abantu baseSoviet bavakala ngokugqithiseleyo igama elithi "ukusilela". Zonke iindidi zobomi zahlulwa yi-bureaucracy kunye nenkohlakalo. Kukho ukuwa kwezinto zokuziphatha nokuziphatha komntu oqhelekileyo.

Ukuza kwamandla eGrbachev

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1985, uNobhala Jikelele weCPSU Central Committee wayeyiMikhail Gorbachev. Ebona ukuba uqoqosho lwelizwe luphezu kokuwa, wachaza ikhosi yokulungiswa kwayo. Ngomabonwakude, igama elithi "perestroika", elitsha kubantu baseSoviet, latsho lutsha, injongo yalo yayikukunqoba iinkqubo eziqhubekayo, ukudala inkqubo efanelekileyo yokulawula nokujolise ekuphuculeni nasekuphuculeni uphuhliso kwimimandla yoluntu nobomi bobubomi.

Amanyathelo okuhlaziywa koqoqosho ngo-1985-1991

Ukuguqulwa koqoqosho lweSoviet kungenziwa ngokwahlukileyo ngokwemigangatho.

1. Ngowe-1985 ukuya ku-1986, urhulumente waseSoviet, owaqhutywa yi-Gorbachev, wazama ukugcina inkqubo yentlalo ngokukhawulezisa intuthuko yophuhliso lwezenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlaziya kwakhona i-industry-building industry kunye nokusebenza kwabantu.
2. Ngowe-1987, ukuhlaziywa koqoqosho kwaqala. Injongo yalo yayikugcina ukugcinwa kolawulo oluphambili ekutshintsheni ukusuka ekuphatheni ukuya kwiindlela zoqoqosho.
3. Ngo-1989-1990, ikhosi yaziswa ngokutshintshwa kwenkqubela kwindlela yokuhlalisana neentlalo zentlalo kwi-market. Inkqubo yokulwa neengxaki "iintsuku ezingama-500" yaphuhliswa.
4. Ngo-1991, baqhuba ukulungiswa kwemali. Ukubuyiselwa kwezoqoqosho kwonakaliswe zizenzo zokungahambelani zikaRhulumente.

Umgaqo wokukhawuleza

Ukulungiswa koqoqosho ngo-1985-1991 kwaqala ngokumenyezelwa kwekhosi ukwenzela ukukhawuleza ukuphuhliswa kwelizwe. Ngomhla ka-1985, iGorbachev yabiza iinkokheli zamashishini ukuba ziququzelele ulawulo lomsebenzi ohlukeneyo, ukuzisa iingcaphephe zentlalo kunye neziphakamiso zokulinganisela, ukubeka iliso ukugcinwa koqeqesho lomsebenzi kwimveliso kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wemveliso. Ezi ntshukumo, ngokubhekiselele kuMoscow, zifanele zibonakaliswe ngokuqinisekileyo ekunyuseni komkhiqizo wezabasebenzi kunye nokukhawuleza kwentlalo yezoqoqosho nentlalo ye-USSR yonke. Inxaxheba ephambili eyabelwe kwishishini lokwakha umatshini, iimveliso zazo zacetywayo ukuba zisetyenziswe kwizixhobo zokusebenza kwakhona zoqoqosho loqoqosho.

Isantya sokukhawuleza esabhengezwa nguMnu Gorbachev sithetha ukunyuka okukhulu kwizinga lokukhula kwezoqoqosho. Kuze kube-2000, ubuholi beSoviet buceba ukuphinda kabini ukuveliswa kwemveliso kunye nomvuzo wesizwe karhulumente, ukuvelisa umkhiqizo womsebenzi ngamaxesha angama-2.5.

I-Gorbachev yaqalisa umzabalazo ongathintekiyo wokunxila. Ngokutsho kwezopolitiko kunye nesigxina sakhe, umkhankaso olwaphulo-mthetho ulwaphulo olufanelekileyo kukukhuthaza ukuqiniswa koqeqesho kunye nokwandisa umkhiqizo wezabasebenzi. Kwiindawo ezininzi, iifekthi zokuvelisa iwayini kunye neemveliso zeVodka zivaliwe, izidiliya zahlulwa ngonya. Njengomphumo walo mgaqo-nkqubo, ukuveliswa kotywala kotywala kwi-USSR kwawa ngesigamu. Ngenxa yokutyalwa kwewayini kunye namashishini e-vodka, ilizwe lihlupheke izigidi zelahleko. Ukungabi nemali kwibhajethi yelizwe kubakho ukulibaziseka kumvuzo. Ukulungiselela imali elahlekileyo, urhulumente wagqiba ukuprinta imali entsha.

Ulungiso lwezoqoqosho ngo-1985-1991 e-USSR lwabonakaliswa ekunqandeni abemi baseSoviet ukwenza inzuzo kwimali engenayo. Ukusebenza emsebenzini wokuziqesha ngasese, urhwebo olungagunyaziswanga kunye nezinye iintlobo zomsebenzi ongaphaya kolawulo lwarhulumente, umntu unokuvalelwa iminyaka engama-5. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza kwacaca ukuba loo milinganiselo yayingasebenzi, kwaye ngoNovemba 1986 kwavela umthetho ovumela ukuba ngamnye umsebenzi we-USSR.

Ukukhawuleza ukuphuhliswa kobunjineli bezobunjineli kuye kwabangela ukunciphisa ukuxhaswa kweminye imigangatho yoshishino. Ngenxa yoko, iimpahla zabathengi zaqala ukutshabalalisa ngokuthengiswa kwamahhala. I-NTR, eyona yenkqubo yokulungiswa kwakhona inikwe indima ekhethekileyo, ayizange iphuhliswe. Iingxaki zenkxalabo zenza ukuba ubuthathaka bube buthathaka. Ekupheleni kuka-1986, kwacaca ukuba ukuguqulwa komgangatho wezoqoqosho kwakungeke kwenzeke ngenxa yenkqubo yokungafezekanga yocwangciso lwesizwe.

Utshintsho lwezoqoqosho ngo-1987-1989

Ngowe-1987, u- Nikolai Ryzhkov wathatha isikhundla se-prime minister , wathembisa ukuzinzisa ubutyebi ngonyaka kunye nesiqingatha. Urhulumente wakhe uqalise uluhlu lweenguqulelo ezijolise ekudaleni i-marketist market. Ukususela kwangoku kumashishini athe ahanjiswa kwi-self-financing, anikwe ulawulo oluthile lombuso, ummandla wokuzimela kwawo wanda. Imibutho inelungelo lokusebenzisana namaqabane avela kumazwe angaphandle, kwaye iinkokeli zabo azizange zithobele iimarike okanye amagosa. Iintsebenziswano zokuqala ezinxulumene nezakhiwo zethunzi zaqala ukubonakala. Isiphumo saloo mgaqo-nkqubo we-USSR yayingavumelekanga: urhulumente akasayi kulawula uqoqosho loburhulumente. Ukutshintshela kwikarhwebo yentlalo-ntanethi kuye kwaba nzima. Ulungiso lwezoqoqosho lwe-1985-1991 aluzange luzise iziphumo ezilindelekileyo.

Izameko ezongezelelweyo zokubuyisela uqoqosho

Ukukhangela indlela yokuphuma kwentlekele yaqhubeka. Ngo-1989, i-Economics yaseSoviet uG. Yavlinsky noS S. Shatalin baqulunqa inkqubo "yeentsuku ezingama-500". Isiseko salo senziwa ngokudluliselwa ezandleni zabantu abangasese bamashishini karhulumente kunye nokutshintshwa kwelizwe kwiintengiso zorhwebo. Ngelo xesha, loxwebhu aluzange lugcine ingqalelo kwiingxaki ezifana nokuguqulwa kwenkqubo yezopolitiko yombuso, ulwabiwo-mali, ukuchithwa kobunini bomhlaba kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemali. Abathengi ba thembisa ukuba ukuguqulela ingcamango yabo kwinto engayi kuthintela imeko yemeko yabemi. Inkqubo evunywe yi-Supreme Soviet yase-USSR yayiza kusebenza ngo-Oktobha 1990. Kodwa kunento eyodwa ebalulekileyo: ayizange ibonakalise iminqweno ye-top-ranking elite. Ngenxa yalokhu, iGrbachev wakhetha ngomzuzu wokugqibela enye inkqubo engenakho ukubonelela utshintsho kwiintengiso zeentengiso.

Ukuguqulwa kwemali kunye nokuwa kwezoqoqosho zaseSoviet

Enye yemizamo yokugqibela yokuzinzisa imeko yezoqoqosho yayikubambe ukulungiswa kwemali ngo-1991. I-Gorbachev icwangcise ukuyisebenzisa ukuzalisa umnini-mali kunye nokuyeka ukuhla kwe-ruble. Kodwa ukuhlaziywa kuye kwabangela ukunyuka okungalawulwayo kwamanani kunye nokuhla kwezinga lokuphila kwabantu. Ukunganeliseki koluntu kuye kwafikelela kumda walo. Izibetho zenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi zorhulumente. Ukuhlukana kweSizwe kwaqala ukuzibonakalisa kuyo yonke indawo.

Iziphumo

Iziphumo zohlengahlengiso lwezoqoqosho ngo-1985-1991 zadakalisa. Esikhundleni sokubuyiselwa koqoqosho lwentlanga, izenzo zorhulumente zandisa imeko kwilizwe nangakumbi. Akukho nanye kwezilungiso zokucwangciswa ezigqityiweyo. Ukutshabalalisa izakhiwo zolawulo oludala, amagunya awazange akwazi ukudala ezintsha. Kule meko, ukuwa kwelizwe elikhulu kuye kwabaleka.